Microbiology (Biol 251): Exam 2 (Pt. 2)

Front 1

What are the 2 types of genes a virus can have?

Back 1

DNA or RNA, but never both at the same time

Either case can be single or double stranded

Front 2

Most viruses are very ______-specific.

Back 2

Most viruses are very SPECIES-specific.

Front 3

naked virus

Back 3

nucleic-acid core and protein coat

Front 4

enveloped virus

Back 4

nucleic-acid core, protein coat, AND membrane coat

Front 5

Identify the 3 ways a virus can affect a host cell.

Back 5

Productive (Lytic)
Latent
Productive (Leaking)

Front 6

In which method of infection does the host cell die and release replicated viruses?

Back 6

Productive (Lytic)

Front 7

What enzyme does the virus use to enter the host cell?

Back 7

Lysozyme

Front 8

What enzyme does the virus use to lyse the host cell?

Back 8

Lysozyme

Front 9

What is the latent method also known as?

Back 9

temperate or lysogenic

Front 10

What occurs in the latent method that is different from the productive (lytic) method? (5)

Back 10

-Integrase (enzyme) combines viral DNA w/ bacterial DNA
-Virus goes on vacation & lets bacteria act/duplicate normally
-Virus only wakes up when bacteria realizes it's there.
-Then, uses excisase (enzyme) to get cut out of bacterial DNA
-Virus begins productive (lytic) method

Front 11

What enzyme does the virus release to fight the existing bacterial DNA?

Back 11

nuclease

Front 12

The productive (leaking) method only happens to what kind of bacteria...

Back 12

Bacteria w/ single-stranded DNA & filamentous structure ***

Front 13

Does the host cell die in the productive (leaking) method?

Back 13

No

Front 14

Identify which of these has generalized transduction and which has specialized transduction.

Back 14

lytic (productive) = generalized transduction

go through lysogenic (latent) state first = specialized transduction.

Front 15

Identify the 3 ways viruses are classified via genome structure.

Back 15

DNA or RNA
Single or double stranded
1 or several molecules

Front 16

Identify the 3 ways viruses are classified via particle structure.

Back 16

Spherical
Helical
Irregular

Front 17

Identify the 3 ways viruses are classified via viral envelope.

Back 17

Present
Absent (naked)

Front 18

Identify the 3 ways viruses are classified via routes of transmission.

Back 18

Enteric - fecal to oral

Respiratory - breathed-in

Zoonotic - animal to animal

Sexually-transmitted - Herpes causes lesions in genital tract

Front 19

primary culture

Back 19

used right away

Front 20

secondary culture

Back 20

had for months/years or kept in liquid nitrogen or living tissue

Front 21

How do enveloped viruses infect cells?

Back 21

Fusion
Endocytosis

Front 22

How do naked viruses infect cells?

Back 22

Direct
Endocytosis

Front 23

Why is HIV so hard to fight?

Back 23

DNA polymerase has reading errors. ***

Front 24

acute infection

Back 24

infection causing disease with a sudden onset, severity and (often) short course

Front 25

latent infection

Back 25

virus hidden away

i.e. chicken pox

Front 26

slow infection

Back 26

virus slowly kills you

Front 27

chronic infection

Back 27

virus is always at high levels

Front 28

phenotype mixing

Back 28

mixing of 2 viruses of 2 animals

Front 29

What are prions made of?

Back 29

Misshapen proteins that did not fold properly

Front 30

What disease do prions cause?

Back 30

Mad cow disease

Front 31

What are the 2 ways bacteria defends itself from getting infected by a virus?

Back 31

Recognize virus b/c only bacteria have methylases in their DNA

Destroy viral DNA via restriction enzymes