Microbiology (Biol 251): Exam 1 (Pt. 1)

Front 1

What signified the start of microbiology?

Back 1

Invention of the microscope by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek that allowed him to look at living cells

Front 2

When was DNA discovered and who discovered it?

Back 2

1953, Watson & Crick

Front 3

Identify the function of restriction enzymes.

Back 3

Allowed DNA to be cut up and examined

Front 4

Who is considered the father of modern microbiology?

Back 4

Louis Pasteur

Front 5

What molecular biologist purified yeast?

Back 5

Ed(uard) Buchner

Front 6

What is the smallest unit of life?

Back 6

Cell

Front 7

All organisms are comprised of ___ cell or ____ or more cells.

Back 7

All organisms are comprised of ONE cell or ONE or more cells.

Front 8

Are humans eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

Back 8

Eukaryotes

Front 9

Are plants eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

Back 9

Eukaryotes

Front 10

Are bacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

Back 10

Prokaryotes

Front 11

Identify the 3 main facts about cell theory.

Back 11

1) Cell is the smallest unit, anything smaller is NOT living.

2) All organisms are made of either 1 cell OR 1 more cells.

3) New cells come from old cells; there is NO spontaneous generation.

Front 12

What effect do microorganisms have on nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon?

Back 12

Microorganisms turn nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon into usable, organic forms for human use.

Front 13

What 2 categories is the microbial world divided into?

Back 13

Organisms and Infectious Agents (non-living)

Front 14

Identify the 3 domains in the organisms category.

Back 14

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya

Front 15

Of these three domains (bacteria, archaea, and eucarya), which are eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Back 15

Eukaryotes = Eucarya

Prokaryotes = Bacteria, Archaea

Front 16

Identify the 3 infection agents.

Back 16

Viruses
Viroids
Prions

Front 17

Identify the 4 types of eukaryotes and if they are multicellular, unicellular, or both.

Back 17

Algae (uni/multi)
Protozoa (uni)
Fungi (uni/multi)
Helminths (multi)

Front 18

What are helminths?

Back 18

They are multicellular parasites.

Front 19

Describe the genetic component of viruses.

Back 19

DNA or RNA (never both); some surrounded by protein coating membrane

Front 20

Describe the genetic component of viroids..

Back 20

Short segments of RNA

Front 21

Describe the genetic component of prions..

Back 21

Short segments of proteins

Front 22

What is a single cell organism with NO nucleus?

Back 22

Prokaryote

Front 23

What did Pasteur invent that disproved spontaneous generation?

Back 23

He invented the "swan-neck" flask.

Bacteria that fell in from the air did not grow b/c it stopped at the curve.

Front 24

What experiment did Redi do in order to prove that maggots didn't grow from spontaneous generation?

Back 24

He put meat in a bowl and covered the bowl with gauze. Air was allowed in, but since flies couldn't reach the meat, nothing grew.

Front 25

Which is (usually) larger, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

Back 25

Eukaryotes

Front 26

Describe the nucleus of the prokaryote and the eukaryote.

Back 26

Prokaryote - Absent

Eukaryote - Present w/ nuclear membrane

Front 27

Describe the DNA of the prokaryote and the eukaryote.

Back 27

Prokaryote - Singular, circular chromosome

Eukaryote - Multiple, linear chromosomes inside nucleus

Front 28

Describe the membrane of the prokaryote and the eukaryote.

Back 28

Prokaryote - Cell membrane only

Eukaryote - Cell and organelle membranes

Front 29

Describe the organelles of the prokaryote and the eukaryote.

Back 29

Prokaryote - Absent

Eukaryote - Present in many forms

Front 30

Describe the ribosome of the prokaryote and the eukaryote.

Back 30

Prokaryote - Free in cytoplasm; smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes

Eukaryote - Free and bound to ER membrane; larger than prokaryotic ribosomes

Front 31

Describe the cytoskeleton of the prokaryote and the eukaryote.

Back 31

Prokaryote - Absent

Eukaryote - Present

Front 32

Describe the cell wall of the prokaryote and the eukaryote.

Back 32

Prokaryote - Present in most situations; complex chemical composition

Eukaryote - Present in algae, fungi, plants; complex chemical composition

Front 33

Describe the movement of flagella in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Back 33

Prokaryote - Rotating movement

Eukaryote - Whipping movement

Front 34

Describe the cilia of the prokaryote and the eukaryote.

Back 34

Prokaryote - Absent

Eukaryote - Present

Front 35

What is the glycocalyx made up of?

Back 35

Polysaccharrides and a few polypeptides (sugars and proteins) that surround the cell

Front 36

Identify the 2 types of glycocalyx and define them.

Back 36

Capsule - regular structure firmly attached to the cell

Slime layer - loose structure, water soluble, viscous

Front 37

Which of these glycocalyx layers are harder for the human body to fight?

Back 37

The capsule glycocalyx layer

Front 38

Identify the 3 functions of the glycocalyx.

Back 38

Protect cell from desiccation
Allows attachment to host cells
Confuses human immune system

Front 39

desiccation

Back 39

extreme drying; loss of water

Front 40

What is the flagella in prokaryotes composed of? (3)

Back 40

Protein flagellin
Hook
Basal body

Front 41

Identify the 3 types of flagella in prokaryotes.

Back 41

Peritrichous - many flagella

Polar - one flagella

Endoflagella - wrapped tightly around an organism w/ corkscrew movements

Front 42

Describe fimbraie in prokaryotes.

Back 42

Non-motile, sticky, bristle-like projections shorter than flagella

Front 43

Identify the function of fimbraie.

Back 43

Used to allow cells to adhere to one another as well as to substances in their environment

Front 44

Identify the 2 structures that produce biofilms.

Back 44

Fimbraie and glycocalyx

Front 45

Describe and identify the function of pili in prokaryotes.

Back 45

Hollow tubes used to move cells or allow for the exchange of DNA between bacteria

Front 46

Since most bacteria have asexual reproduction, what structure allows them to transfer DNA.

Back 46

Pili

Front 47

Describe the cell wall composition of prokaryotes.

Back 47

Alternating NAM-NAG units connected by tetrapeptide bridge, which are connected to interpeptide bridge

Front 48

What are the NAM-NAG units?

Back 48

Basically sugar

Front 49

What is the tetrapeptide bridge made of?

Back 49

D-amino acids, which rarely occurs elsewhere

Front 50

What is the interpeptide bridge made of?

Back 50

Glysine, the smallest amino acid

Front 51

Describe the gram (-) cell wall.

What specific kind of lipid is in it?

Back 51

Inner - 2 phospholipids
Outer - 1 phospholipid, 1 lipopolysaccharride

Lipid A

[These are fatty acid tails.]

Front 52

What is unique about gram (+) bacteria?

Back 52

Teichoic acid

Front 53

What is unique about gram (-) bacteria?

Back 53

Lipopolysaccharides
Porin proteins

Front 54

Which kind of bacteria has thin peptidoglycan? thick peptidoglycan?

Back 54

Gram (+) - thick peptidoglycan

Gram (-) - thin peptidoglycan

Front 55

Why doesn't penicillin affect human cells?

Back 55

Penicillin targets cell walls, which human cells DO NOT have.

Front 56

How does penicillin fight bacterial infection?

Back 56

Penicillin prevents tetrapeptide from hooking to the interpeptide bridge (aka crosslinking).

Front 57

How does a lysozyme fight bacteria?

Where can you find it?

Back 57

It prevents NAM-NAG from coming together.

You can find it human tears, saliva, etc. as the body's defense.

Front 58

Penicillin and lysozyme DO NOT work on bacteria that are already _____.

Back 58

Penicillin and lysozyme DO NOT work on bacteria that are already MADE.

Front 59

Do all bacteria have a cell wall?

Back 59

No

Front 60

Describe the cell membrane of a prokaryote.
-Location
-Composition
-Permeability

Back 60

Directly beneath the cell wall
Phospholipids
Semipermeable

Front 61

Identify the 3 structures on the prokaryote cell membrane.

Back 61

Integral protein
Peripheral protein
Carbohydrate branches

Front 62

Water flows from an area of ___ to ____ concentration.

Back 62

Water flows from an area of HIGH to LOW concentration.

Front 63

Bacteria like to live in _________ surroundings.

(hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic)

Back 63

hypotonic

Front 64

Where does H2O go in a hypertonic solution?

Back 64

H2O goes out.

The cell gets smaller.

Front 65

Where does H2O go in a hypotonic solution?

Back 65

H2O goes into the cell.

The cell gets larger.

Front 66

(simple) diffusion

Back 66

movement from high to low concentration

Front 67

facilitated diffusion

Back 67

protein complex helps move a substance across a membrane

Front 68

What kind of energy does diffusion require?

Back 68

None b/c it is going from a high to low concentration

Front 69

active transport

Back 69

moving particles across a membrane against a concentration gradient using ATP (low to high)

Front 70

proton motive force

Back 70

when the cell uses ATP to pump protons out, making the cell negative, thus setting up a proton gradient

Front 71

osmosis

Back 71

movement of water from high to low concentration

Front 72

Through what process do we use to move glucose into a cell?

Back 72

Group translocation

Front 73

What happens during group translocation?

Back 73

Once in a cell, glucose is changed to "glucose phosphate", so the cell is tricked into thinking it doesn't have any glucose

Front 74

Identify the 2 kinds of DNA in prokaryotes.

Back 74

Chromosomal
Plasma (plasmid)

Front 75

Describe chromosomal DNA in prokaryotes.
-Size
-Shape
-Necessity
-Location

Back 75

Large
Circular
Necessary
Nucleoid region

Front 76

Describe plasma DNA in prokaryotes.
-Size
-Shape
-Necessity

Back 76

Small
Circular
Beneficial, but not necessary

Front 77

In what two ways can inclusion bodies be used?

Back 77

Storage granules
Gas vesicles

Front 78

What can inclusion bodies store? (4)

Back 78

Carbs
Nitrates
Sulfur
Magnetic particles

Front 79

When inclusion bodies function as gas vesicles, what do they do?

Back 79

They increase/decrease gas level to either allow bacteria to float or sink in solution.

Front 80

Since prokaryotes do not have a cytoskeleton, what helps to maintain their shape?

Back 80

Actin filaments

Front 81

Identify the function of the ribosomes in prokaryotes.

Back 81

Make proteins

Front 82

Describe the ribosome in prokaryotes.

Back 82

Two parts (large and small subunit) that come together to make a mature subunit when ready to be utilized

[Same as in eukaryotes.]

Front 83

What is the purpose of the sporulation cycle?

Back 83

Bacteria do it when exposed to certain environmental signals; they protect their chromosomes.

Front 84

Identify the 3 types of endocytosis.

Back 84

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

Front 85

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 85

specific receptors on the membrane bring in specific compounds when activated

Front 86

pinocytosis

Back 86

commonly brings in water and solutes that are next to plasma membrane

Front 87

phagocytosis

Back 87

membrane reaches out, completely surrounds something, brings it inward

Front 88

How do unicellular organisms use phagocytosis?

Back 88

Bring in food particles

Front 89

How do human cells use phagocytosis?

Back 89

Immune system WBC engulfs bacteria