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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which is not characteristic of all mammals?
-A four-chambered heart -Have hair at some period of their life -Have glands to produce milk to nourish their offspring -Give birth to live young (viviparous) |
Give birth to live young (viviparous)
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The term agnathan could be used to describe __________. (things without jaws)
-Conodonts -Gnathostomes -Myxini -Conodonts and Myxini -Gnathostomes and Conodonts |
Conodonts and Myxini
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Gymnosperms produce seeds that are enclosed within a fruit?
-True -False |
False-means “naked seeds”/ fruits are developed by mature ovary
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When does meiosis occur in fungi?
-During asexual reproduction -Following fusion of nuclei -Immediately after fusion of two fungal cells -After fusion of cytoplasm, but before fusion of nuclei |
Following fusion of nuclei
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A lophophore is used by ectoprocts, pjhoronids, and brachiopods____.
-At a larval stage -As a skeletal system -For locomotion -For feeding |
For feeding
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Which of the following characteristics is not true of all animal phyla?
-Multicellular -Organ systems -Heterotropic -Diploid |
Organ systems
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Which of the following statements is not true?
-All chordates have notochords -All chordates have pharyngeal pouches -All chordates have a post-anal tail -All chordates have vertebrae |
All chordates have vertebrae
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Which of the following is a diagnostic feature of tunicates that forms the basis for its classification as a chordate?
-Metamorphosis from a motile larva to a sessile adult -A heart that allows circulation of blood -A notochord located along the dorsal part of the larva -Sexual reproduction during the larval stage |
A notochord located along the dorsal part of the larva
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The term agnathan could be used to describe ____.
-Conodonts -Gnathostomes -Myxini -Conodonts and Myxini -Gnathostomes and Conodonts |
Conodonts and Myxini
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The most primitive, but still existing craniates are members of the class ________.
-Mycini -Cephalaspidomorphi -Chondrichthyes -Osteichthyes |
Myxini
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Which of the following is a diagnostic feature of tunicates that forms the basis for its classification?
-Metamorphoses from a motile larva to a sessile adult -A heart that allows circulation of blood -A notochord located along the dorsal part of the larva -Sexual reproduction during the larval stage |
A notochord located along the dorsal part of the larva
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The most primitive but still existing craniates are members of the class___.
-Myxini -Cephalaspidomporphi -Chondrichthyes -Osteichthyes |
Myxini
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Sharks, skates, and rays belong to the class_____.
-Reptilia -Chondrichthyes -Sarcopterygii -Actinopterygii |
Chondrichthyes
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Which of the following characteristics is not true of all animal phyla?
-multicellular -organ systems -heterotrophic -diploid |
Organ systems
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Cnidarians do not have ___________.
-tentacles equipped with nematocysts -three tissue layers -radial symmetry -a gastrovascular cavity |
Three tissue layers
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Oval body, eight dorsal plates, grazer on rocky coasts is descriptive of __________.
-gastropoda -turbellaria -bivalvia -polyplacophora |
Polyplacophora
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If an amphibian could be a plant, which plant would it be?
-Monocot -Moss -Cycad -Cnetophyte |
Moss
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Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough? It_____
-Has a shell that increases gas exchange -Allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment -Prolongs embryonic development -Provides insulation to conserve heat energy |
Allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment
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Roots are involved in all but which of the following activities?
-support -storage -food production -anchorage |
Food production
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Unlike collenchymas and sclerenchyma tissues, parenchyma tissue does not function in __________.
-support -gas exchange -nutrient exchange -both gas exchange and nutrient exchange |
Support
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The vascular bundles of dicots separate the ground tissue into two zones. Which of the following correctly describes the arrangement of these zones?
-outermost xylem-phloem-pith-cortex -outermost phloem-xylem-pith-cortex -outermost cortex-phloem-xylem-pith -outermost pith-phloem-xylem-cortex |
Outermost cortex-phloem-xylem-pith
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The bark of a tree is made up mainly of
-xylem -vascular cambium -tracheid cells -phloem |
Phloem
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If Ψp=.3MPa and Ψs=-0.45Mpa, the resulting Ψ is _______.
0.75MPa -0.75 MPa -0.15 MPa 0.15 MPa |
-0.15 MPa
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The value for Ψ in root tissue was found to be -0.15MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.1 M sucrose solution (Ψ= -0.23), net flow would __________
-be from the tissue to the sucrose solution -be from the sucrose solution into the tissue -be in both directions and the concentrations would remain equal -occur only as ATP was hydrolyzed |
Be from the tissue to the sucrose solution
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How does water make it from the soil to the leaves in tall trees during the day?
-pushed up form the roots -pulled up from the leaves -pumped up by pumping organs |
Pulled up from the leaves
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If you were to penetrate through the epidermal layer of a root, you would next encounter the _________.
-xylem -endodermis -cortex -pericycle |
Cortex
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Which of the following does not appear to involve active transport across membranes? Movement of __________.
-mineral nutrients into root epidermal cells (active transport by H+ pumps) -potassium into guard cells (H+ pumps) -water into the vascular cylinder of a root (osmosis) -sugar into companion cells of phloem (H+ pumps) |
Water into the vascular cylinder of a root (osmosis)
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Where did most of the biomass of this tree (big tree with lots of branches) come from?
-air (the air is made up of a lot of molecules with tremendous mass – photosynthesis equation) -soil -water -sunlight |
Air (the air is made up of a lot of molecules with tremendous mass – photosynthesis equation)
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Water inside all of the xylem cells is being pulled upward primarily by _________.
-turgor pressure -water tension -osmotic gradients -root pressure |
Water tension
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Which soil mineral is most likely leached away during a hard rain?
-Na+ -K+ -Ca++ -NO3- (nitrate) b/c |
NO3- (nitrate)
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The function of a root nodule’s Leghemoglobin is to ________.
-extract micronutrients from the soil -form a mutualistic relationship with fungi -promote cation exchange with the soil -regulate the supply of oxygen to Rhizobium |
Regulate the supply of oxygen to Rhizobium
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A woodlot was sprayed with a fungicide. What would be the most serious effect of such spraying?
-a decrease in food for animals that eat mushrooms -an increase in rates of wood decay -a decrease in tree growth due to the death of mycorrhizae -an increase in the number of decomposing bacteria |
A decrease in tree growth due to the death of mycorrhizae
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A soil well suited for the growth of most plants would have all the following properties except _________.
-abundant humus -air spaces -high cation exchange capacity -a high pH |
A high pH
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Meiosis occurs within all of the following flower parts except the ____________.
-ovule -style -megasporangium -anther |
Style
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Staminate flowers __________.
-produce pollen -are complete -can develop into fruits -are found only on dioecious plants |
Produce pollen
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A plant that is sporophytic self-incompatible has a genotype S5S9 for the S locus. It receives pollen from a plant that is S3S9. Which of the following is most likely to occur?
-all the pollen will germinate forming pollen tubes -none of the pollen will germinate -about half the pollen will germinate -fertilization will occur in about half of the flowers of the pollinated plant |
None of the pollen will germinate
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A plant that is gametophytic self-incompatible has a genotype S5S9 for the S locus. It receives pollen from a plant that is S3S9. Which of the following is most likely to occur?
-all the pollen will germinate forming pollen tubes -none of the pollen will germinate -about half the pollen will germinate -fertilization will occur in about half of the flowers of the pollinated plant |
About half the pollen will germinate
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Imagine that you are a paleontologist (a scientist who studies fossils of ancient life forms) . In a recent dig, you unearthed bones of all of the following. Which could you have found in the oldest sediments?
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Amphibians
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A sheet of muscle called the diaphragm is found in extant
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Mammals
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If an animal has segments, bilateral symmetry, pharyngeal clefts, a post-anal tail, and deuterostomic development, it must be a member of the phylum _____.
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Chordata
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A feature of bony fish not found in sharks is _____. (Concept 34.4)
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A swim bladder
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Jaws developed _____.
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By modification of the skeletal rods that previously supported the anterior pharyngeal gill slits
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Which of the following structures are possessed only by birds?
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Feathers and keeled sternum
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The diagnostic feature of class Chondrichthyes is _____.
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An endoskeleton of calcified cartilage
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A unique feature of craniates is _____.
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The neural crest
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All mammals _____. (Concept 34.7)
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Nourish their offspring through mammary glands
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A _____ is a chordate but not a vertebrate. (Concept 34.1)
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Lancelet
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What do hagfishes and lampreys have in common with the extinct conodonts?
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The jawless condition
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The development that freed vertebrates from water for reproduction and allowed them to radiate into diverse terrestrial environments was the _____. (Concept 34.6)
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Amniotic egg
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A cross section of a plant part exposes epidermis, a thick cortex, and a central cylinder of xylem and phloem. This part is a _____.
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Root
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Collenchyma cells can be recognized by _____.
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Their unevenly thickened cell walls
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If you pound a nail into a tree 1 meter off the ground and come back to find it in 20 years, it will be _____.
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1 meter off the ground and more deeply embedded in the tree
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Annual rings in wood are evidence that in climates with a single annual growing season, the _____ divides actively when water is plentiful and temperatures are suitable for growth, and ceases to divide when water is scarce and the weather is cold.
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Vascular cambium
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Leaves consist of _____.
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A blade and a petiole
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What contributes directly to the turgor pressure that opens and closes stomata?
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Potassium accumulation in guard cells
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Which of the following is the correct arrangement of structures from the inside to the outside of a leaf blade?
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Vascular bundle, mesophyll, epidermis
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A botanist discovered a mutant plant that is unable to produce the material that forms the Casparian strip. This plant is _____.
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Unable to control the amounts of water and solutes it absorbs
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Which of the cells below are involved with bulk flow?
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Tracheids, vessels, and sieve tubes
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Which of the following processes is aided by the membrane potential established by the proton pump?
-uptake of cations such as K+ -cotransport of anions -cotransport of neutral solutes -The second and third answers are correct. -All of the above answers are correct. |
All of the above answers are correct
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Most of the photosynthesis in plants takes place in specialized _____ cells called the _____.
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parenchyma ... mesophyll
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In an apple tree that is producing sugars, sugar might flow from _____ to _____.
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a leaf ... a developing apple
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If pure water is separated from a 0.1 M solution in a U-shaped tube by a membrane impermeable to the solute, what will happen?
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Water will diffuse to the solution side until the pressure potential due to a higher water column is equal, but opposite in sign, to the osmotic potential.
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The continuum of cell walls connecting neighboring cells is defined as the _____.
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Apoplast
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The vascular cambium of a stem does not produce _____.
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Cork
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A vandal killed a historic oak tree on the village green by girdling it with a chain saw. He cut through the bark and into the sapwood all the way around the tree. Why did the tree die?
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The roots could not get food.
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Ground tissue is composed of undifferentiated cells with thin walls that are usually involved with storage. At the stage in an herbaceous (nonwoody) dicot plant's life when only primary growth has occurred, the inner portion of the ground tissue of a stem is called _____ and the outer portion is called _____.
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Pith...cortex
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What keeps the force of gravity from overcoming transpirational pull?
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Cohesion and adhesion of water molecules
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The plant tissue system most analogous to our circulatory system is the _____.
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Vascular tissue
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When referring to phloem transport, the "sink" in roots is created by _____.
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The active transport of sugars from phloem to cortex cells
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Vertebrates and tunicates share:
-jaws adapted for feeding -a high degree of cephalization -the formation of structure from the neural crest -an endoskeleton that includes a skull -a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord |
A notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
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Some animals that lived 530 MYA resembled lancelets but had a brain and a skull. These animals may represent:
-the first chordates -a "missing link" between urochordates and cephalochordates -early craniates -marsupials -nontetrapod gnathostomes |
Early craniates
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Chondrichthyans can be distinguished from osteichthyans by the:
-presence in osteichthyans of a skull -presence in osteichthyans of a lateral line system -presence in chondrichthyans of unpaired fins -absence in chondrichthyans of a swim bladder and lungs -absence in chodrichthyans of paired sensory organs |
Absence in chondrichthyans of a swim bladder and lungs
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Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?
-a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates -an armored, jawed placoderm that had two sets of paired appendages -an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins -a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes -an early terrestrial caecilian whose legless condition had evolved secondarily |
A sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates
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Mammals and living birds share all of the following characteristics except:
-endothermy -descent from a common amniotic ancestor -a dorsal, hollow nerve cord -a hole behind the eye socket on each side of the skull -an amniotic egg |
A hole behind the eye socket on each side of the skull
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Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials
-lack nipples -have some embryonic development outside the mother's uterus -lay eggs -are found in Australia and Africa -include only insectivores and herbivores |
Have some embryonic development outside the mother's uterus
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Which of the following characteristics of monkeys is specific to New World monkeys?
-well-developed parental care -eyes close together on the front of the skull -use of the tail to hang from a tree limb -occasional bipedal walking -downward orientation of the nostrils |
Use of the tail to hang from a tree limb
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Which clade does not include humans?
-synapsids -lobe-fins -diapsids -craniates -osteichthyans |
Diapsids
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As humans diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first?
-the development of technology -language -a partially erect stance -toolmaking -an enlarged brain |
A partially erect stance
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Studies on DNA indicate which of the following?
-Homo erectus had an Asian origin -Homo sapiens originated in Africa -Neanderthals are the ancestors of present-day humans in Europe -Australopiths migrated out of Africa -North America had the first population of modern humans |
Homo sapiens originated in Africa
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Which structure is paired correctly with the tissue system, companion cell?
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Ground tissue
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A vessel element would likely lose its protoplast in which area of growth in a root?
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Zone of maturation
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Wood consists of:
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Secondary xylem
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Which of the following is not a part of an older tree's bark?
A. cork B. cork cambium C. lenticels D. secondary xylem E. secondary phloem |
Secondary xylem
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The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase if often signaled by:
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A change in the morphology of the leaves that are produced
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Which of the following arise form meristematic activity?
A. secondary xylem B. leaves C. trichomes D. tubers E. All of the above |
E
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"Pinching off" the tops of snapdragons causes the plants to make many more flowers than they would if left alone. Why does removal of the snapdragon's top cause more flowers to form?
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Removal of an apical meristem causes outgrowth of lateral buds that produce extra branches, which ultimately produce flowers.
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________ is to xylem as _________ is to phloem
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Vessel element; sieve-tube member
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The type of mature cell that a particular embryonic plant cell will become appears to be determined mainly by:
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the cell's final position in a developing organ
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Which of the following would not contribute to water uptake by a plant cell?
A. An increase in the water potential of the surrounding solution B. A decrease in pressure on the cell exerted by the cell wall C. The uptake of solutes by the cell D. A decrease in water potential of the cytoplasm E. An increase in the tension on the solution that surrounds the plant cell |
E
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Stomata open when guard cells
A. sense an increase in CO2 in the air spaces of the leaf B. Flop open because of decrease in turgor pressure C. Become more turgid because of an influx of K+, followed by the osmotic entry of water. D. Close aquaporins, preventing uptake of water. E. Accumulate water by active transport |
C
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Which of the following is not part of the transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism for the ascent of xylem sap?
A. the loss of water form the mesophyll cells, which initiates a pull of water molecules from neighboring cells B. the transfer of transpirational pull from one water molecule to the next, owing to the cohesion caused by hydrogen bonds C. the hydrophilic walls of tracheids and xylem vessels that help maintain the column of water against the force of gravity D. the active pumping of water into the xylem of roots E. the lowering of water potential in the surface film of mesophyll cells due to transpiration |
D
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Which of the following does not appear to involve active transport across membranes?
A. the movement of mineral nutrients from the apoplast to the symplast B. the movement of sugar from mesophyll cells into sieve-tube members in maize C. the movement of sugar from one sieve-tube member to the next D. K+ uptake by guard cells during stomatal opening E. movement of mineral nutrients into cells of the root cortex |
C
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Movement of phloem sap from a sugar source to sugar sink
A. occurs through the apoplast of sieve-tube members B. may translocate sugars from the breakdown of stored starch in a root up to developing shoots C. is similar to the flow of xylem sap in depending on tension, or negative pressure D. depends on the active pumping of water into sieve tubes at the source end E. results mainly from diffusion |
B
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The productivity of a crop declines when leaves begin to wilt mainly because
A. the chlorophyll of wilting leaves decomposes B. flaccid mesophyll cells are incapable of photosynthesis C. stomata close, prevent CO2 from entering the leaf D. photolysis, the water-splitting step of photosynthesis, cannot occur when there is a water deficiency E. an accumulation of CO2 in the leaf inhibits the enzymes required for photosynthesis |
C
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Imagine cutting a live twig from a tree and examining the cut surface of the twig with a magnifying glass. You locate the vascular tissue and observe a growing droplet of fluid exuding from the cut surface. This fluid is probably:
A. phloem sap B. xylem sap C. guttation fluid D. fluid of the transpiration stream E. made up entirely of vacuolar sap from nonvascular cells |
A
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Which structure or compartment is not part of the plant's apoplast?
A. the lumen of a xylem vessel B. the lumen of a sieve tube C. the cell wall of a mesophyll cell D. the cell wall of a transfer cell E. the cell wall of a root hair |
B
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Which of the following is not an adaptation that enhances the uptake of water and minerals by root?
A. mycorrhizae, the symbiotic associations of roots and fungi B. root hairs, which increase surface area near root tips C. selective uptake of minerals by xylem vessels D. selective uptake of minerals by cortical cells E. plasmodesmata, which facilitate symplastic transport from root hairs to the endodermis |
C
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A plant cell with a solute potential of -0.65 MPa contains a constant volume when bathed in a solution that has a solute potential of -0.30 MPas
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C
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Most of the mass of organic material of a plant comes from:
A. water B. carbon dioxide C. soil minerals D. atmospheric oxygen E. nitrogen |
B
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Micronutrients are needed in very small amounts because
A. most of them are mobile in the plant B. most function as cofactors of enzymes C. most are supplied in large enough quantities in seeds D. they play only a minor role in the growth and health of the plant E. only the growing regions of the plants require micronutrients |
B
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It is valid to consider water a plant nutrient because:
A. plants die without a water source B. cell elongation depends mainly on the osmotic absorption of water by cells C. hydrogen and oxygen atoms from water molecules are incorporated into organic molecules D. transpiration depends on a continuous supply of water to leaves E. most of a plant's mass of organic compounds is derived from water |
C
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Based on our retrospective view, the most reasonable conclusion to draw from van Helmont's famous experiment on the growth of a willow is that:
A. the tree increased in mass mainly by photosynthesis B. the increase in the mass of the tree could not be accounted for by the consumption of soil C. most of the increase in the mass of the tree was due to the uptake of O2 D. soil simply provides physical support for the tree without providing nutrients E. trees do not require water to grow |
B
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A mineral deficiency is likely to affect older leaves more than younger leaves if:
A. the mineral is a micronutrient B. the mineral is very mobile within the plant C. the mineral is required for chlorophyll synthesis D. the mineral is a macronutrient E. the older leaves are in direct sunlight |
B
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