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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nutrition |
the process by which the body obtains and uses certain components of food; includes * digestion * absorption * transportation * cell metabolism |
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Nutrients |
Chemicals taken into the body that are used to: * produce energy * build new molecules * function in chemical reactions |
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Major classes of nutrients (6) |
1. carbohydrates 2. lipids 3. proteins 4. vitamins 5. minerals 6. water |
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essential nutrients
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* amino acids * fatty acids * most vitamins * minerals * water * some carbohydrates |
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metabolism
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the sum of all chemical reactions in our bodies |
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two types of metabolism
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2. anabolic |
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catabolic |
taking complex molecules and breaking them down into simple ones (decomposition) |
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anabolic |
taking smaller molecules and building complex ones (synthesis) |
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where do we attain energy?
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* ingesting * digesting * absorbing nutrient bldg blocks into blood * transporting nutrients GluT transporter in cell membrane allows absorption of the nutrient glucose into the cell * cells convert nutrients to energy |
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Fates of Glucose
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oxidized for ATP production * with help of GluT to transport to tissue cells used to form amino acids for protein synthesis converted to fat liver or adipose used to form glycogen carb storage on our bodies |
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Two ways to make ATP
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2. oxidative phosphorlyation |
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Substrate level phosphorylation
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take a phosphate from something else and give it to ADP to form ATP occurs in the cell cytosol; doesn't require electron transport chain involves an enzyme and no hydrogen |
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
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AKA: electron transport chain electrons are removed from a compound (bonds broken) and passed through the ETC to oxygen in the inner mitochondria membrane to make ATP involves ATP synthase and hydrogen * major ATP production happens this way |
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Electron carriers
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* NAD+ AKA Niacin * FAD AKA Riboflavin derivatives of vit. B |
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Oxidation |
(glucose is oxidized) LEO = lose electrons oxidation |
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Reduction
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(NAD+ or FAD reduced - given the e-) GER = gain electrons reduction |
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four phases of cellular respiration
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2. formation of acetyl coA 3. Kreb's cycle 4. electron transport chain |
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glycolysis |
*glucose oxidized; NAD+ reduced *occurs in the cell cytosol input: - 1 glucose - 2 ATP (phosphate donor) net products: - 2 pyruvic acids go to next phase - 2 NADH+ 2H+ will carry electrons to ETC - 2 ATP used as cellular fuel |
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Formation of acetyl coA |
occurs in the mitochondria inputs: * 2 pyruvic acid * 2 CoA groups (carry products to next phase) products: * 2 Acetyl coA: will enter Krebs cycle * 2 CO2: waste * 2 NADH + H+ - will carry e- to ETC |
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aerobic process |
requires oxygen; cellular respiration
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what is the byproduct of anerobic respiration
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prolonged anerobic respiration can lead to acidocis (low blood pH) |
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Kreb's cycle
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inputs: - 2 oxaloacetate groups - 2 acetyl groups products: - 2 oxaloacetate groups: regenerated at Kreb's - 4 CO2: waste product - 2 ATP - 6 NADH + H+: carries electrons to ETC - 2 FADH2: carries electrons to ETC |
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Electron Transport Chain |
takes place in the mitochondrial membrane input: - 10 NADH + H+ - 2 FADH2 products: - 32 ATP - H2O |
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ATP yield from ETC |
each NADH + H+ yields 3 ATP at the ETC each FADH2 yields about 2 ATP at the ETC |
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net products of cellular respiration |
36 ATP 6 H2O |
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glycogenesis |
*glycogen formation
*stimulated by insulin from the pancreas (lowers blood sugar by storing glucose as glycogen) |
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glycogenolysis |
*break down of glycogen to release glucose to the blood
*stimulated by low blood sugar activating glucagon from the pancreas
*the sympathetic "fight or flight" neurotransmitter epinepherine |
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gluconeogenesis |
*formation of new glucose from fats, proteins & lactic acid *stimulated by the hormones cortisol & glucagon |
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importance of fats (6) |
used for: - ATP generation - plasma membranes - blood clotting - myelin sheath - steroid hormones - lipoproteins |
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lipoproteins
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shell made of: proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol inside carries: triglycerides, cholesterol & other lipids |
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Types of lipoproteins
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* very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs): * low density lipoproteins (LDLs): bad cholesterol * high density lipoproteins (HDLs): remove excess cholesterol from cells and blood to the liver for disposal; good cholesterol |
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Adult Levels
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LDL - under 130 mg/dL HDL - above 40 mg/dL Triglycerides - 10-190 mg/dL |
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excess dietary carbs, proteins and fats get coverted to..... |
triglycerides |
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complete proteins |
found in: beef, fish, poultry, eggs and milk |
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incomplete proteins
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found in: leafy green veggies, legumes, grains |
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nonessential amino acids
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can be generated by the body |
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phenylketonuria |
results in vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency and mental retardation |
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food groups (6) |
fruits oils vegetables milk meat & beans |
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metabolic rate
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rate at which metabolism uses energy |
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basal metabolic rate
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1200-1800 Cal/day |
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vitamins
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organic compounds that are required in small amounts to help regulate metabolism |
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Vitamin A |
AKA retinol * antioxidant * essential for vision 2 food sources: eggs, meat, dairy |
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vitamin D |
* Calcium absorption * body makes vit D when exposed to the sun 2 food sources: cheese, butter, fish |
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vitamin E |
*antioxidant * healthy hair, skin, nails food sources: fresh nuts, green leafy veggies, seeds oils |
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vitamin C |
* boosts immunity *necessary for collagen production (bone strength) 2 food sources: citrus fruits, green peppers, strawberries |
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Niacin (form of Vitamin B) |
* used to form NAD coenzyme * assists in fat breakdown 2 food sources: nuts, meats, beans, legumes, fish niacin deficiency will cause pallegra - rash, nervous system deficiency, |
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Folate (derivative of Vitamin B)
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* blood cell production 2 food sources: seafood, pork, beans, legumes |
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B6
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* healthy nervous system & cardiovascular system 2 food sources: beans, legumes, nuts, eggs |
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Vitamin K
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2 food sources: liver, cabbage, cauliflower, spinach |
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Minerals
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inorganic compounds that help regulate metabolism |
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calcium |
food source: milk, egg yolk, shellfish, leafy green veggies |
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chlorine
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blood acid-base balance food sources: table salt, soy sauce, processed foods |
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flourine
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sources: water |
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iodine
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sources: salts |
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iron
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source: meat |
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phosphorus |
source: salts |
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potassium |
muscle and nerve function source: banana |
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sodium
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source: table salt |
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diabetes type I |
* insulin dependent * autoimmune disorder * onset at young age |
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diabetes type II
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traditionally adult onset typically preventable triggered by poor diet, lack of exercise low sensitivity to insulin |
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diabetes insipidus |
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) deficiency; results in too much water loss symptoms: * extreme thirst * frequent urination * dilute urine |
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ketonuria
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increase level of ketones in the urine |
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ketoacidosis (ketosis)
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fats are then broken to generate ATP |