A&p Chapter 27 Nutrition And Metabolism

Front 1

Nutrition

Back 1

refers to the foods that we eat and the nutrients they contain

Front 2

Macronutrients.

Back 2

usually include those nutrients that we need in large amounts, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Front 3

macrominerals.

Back 3

sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. This group of minerals can also be more specifically called

Front 4

Micronutrients.

Back 4

nutrients that we need in very small amounts, such as vitamins and some minerals. Minerals in this group include iron, iodine, zinc, manganese, cobalt, and a few others. Mineral micronutrients can also be called microminerals or trace elements.

Front 5

Metabolism

Back 5

refers to the complex, interactive set of chemical processes that make life possible

Front 6

Assimilation

Back 6

occurs when nutrient molecules enter cells and undergo many chemical changes

Front 7

Catabolism

Back 7

breaks food molecules down into smaller molecular compounds and, in so doing, releases energy from them.

Front 8

Anabolism

Back 8

It builds nutrient molecules up into larger molecular compounds and, in so doing, uses energy

Front 9

Catabolism releases energy in two forms:

Back 9

heat and chemical energy

Front 10

Cellulose,

Back 10

a major component of most plant tissues, is an important exception to this principle. Because humans do not make enzymes that
chemically digest this complex carbohydrate, it passes through our system without being broken down

Front 11

Why must energy in nutrient molecules be transferred to ATP?

Back 11

Phosphates from the nutrients are added to ADP to form ATP which is used for anabolism and other cell work.

Front 12

Carbohydrate metabolism

Back 12

begins with the movement of glucose through cell membranes. Immediately on reaching the interior of a cell, glucose reacts with ATP to form glucose-6-phosphate. named glucose phosphorylation, prepares glucose for further metabolic reactions.

Front 13

Phosphorylation (fos-for-i-LAY-shun)

Back 13

is the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule. In most cells of the body, glucose phosphorylation is an irreversible reaction. However, in a few cells—namely, those of the intestinal mucosa, liver, and renal cortex—glucose phosphorylation is reversible

Front 14

Glycolysis

Back 14

is the first process of carbohydrate catabolism. It breaks apart one glucose molecule to form two pyruvic acid molecules.

Front 15

What is glycolysis? How much energy is transferred to ATP through this process?

Back 15

Glycolysis is the first process of carbohydrate catabolism. It breaks apart one glucose molecule to form two pyruvic acid molecules. For every molecule of glucose undergoing glycolysis, a net of two molecules of ATP is formed.

Front 16

Nutrition

Back 16

refers to the foods that we eat and the nutrients they contain

Front 17

Macronutrients.

Back 17

usually include those nutrients that we need in large amounts, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Front 18

macrominerals.

Back 18

sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. This group of minerals can also be more specifically called

Front 19

Micronutrients.

Back 19

nutrients that we need in very small amounts, such as vitamins and some minerals. Minerals in this group include iron, iodine, zinc, manganese, cobalt, and a few others. Mineral micronutrients can also be called microminerals or trace elements.

Front 20

Metabolism

Back 20

refers to the complex, interactive set of chemical processes that make life possible

Front 21

Assimilation

Back 21

occurs when nutrient molecules enter cells and undergo many chemical changes

Front 22

Catabolism

Back 22

breaks food molecules down into smaller molecular compounds and, in so doing, releases energy from them.

Front 23

Anabolism

Back 23

It builds nutrient molecules up into larger molecular compounds and, in so doing, uses energy

Front 24

Catabolism releases energy in two forms:

Back 24

heat and chemical energy

Front 25

Cellulose,

Back 25

a major component of most plant tissues, is an important exception to this principle. Because humans do not make enzymes that
chemically digest this complex carbohydrate, it passes through our system without being broken down

Front 26

Why must energy in nutrient molecules be transferred to ATP?

Back 26

Phosphates from the nutrients are added to ADP to form ATP which is used for anabolism and other cell work.

Front 27

Carbohydrate metabolism

Back 27

begins with the movement of glucose through cell membranes. Immediately on reaching the interior of a cell, glucose reacts with ATP to form glucose-6-phosphate. named glucose phosphorylation, prepares glucose for further metabolic reactions.

Front 28

Phosphorylation (fos-for-i-LAY-shun)

Back 28

is the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule. In most cells of the body, glucose phosphorylation is an irreversible reaction. However, in a few cells—namely, those of the intestinal mucosa, liver, and renal cortex—glucose phosphorylation is reversible

Front 29

Glycolysis

Back 29

is the first process of carbohydrate catabolism. It breaks apart one glucose molecule to form two pyruvic acid molecules.

Front 30

What is glycolysis? How much energy is transferred to ATP through this process?

Back 30

Glycolysis is the first process of carbohydrate catabolism. It breaks apart one glucose molecule to form two pyruvic acid molecules. For every molecule of glucose undergoing glycolysis, a net of two molecules of ATP is formed.

Front 31

What happens to a nutrient molecule as it proceeds through the citric acid cycle?

Back 31

Essentially, the citric acid cycle converts the two acetyl molecules to four carbon dioxide and six water molecules.

Front 32

What is the purpose of the electron transport system?

Back 32

The electron transport system accepts the high-energy electrons from the citric acid cycle. These electrons move quickly down the chain, from cytochrome to cytochrome, to their final acceptor, oxygen. As these electrons move down the carrier chain, they release small bursts of energy?

Front 33

glycogenolysis

Back 33

Glycogen molecules do not remain in the cell permanently but are eventually broken apart (hydrolyzed). This process of “splitting glycogen” is called

Front 34

gluconeogenesis

Back 34

means the formation of “new” glucose— “new” in the sense that it is made from proteins or, less frequently, from the glycerol of fats—not from carbohydrates.

Front 35

Why might a cell switch to anaerobic respiration as its major source of usable energy?

Back 35

A cell will switch to anaerobic respiration when oxygen supply is inadequate

Front 36

What is meant by the term oxygen debt?

Back 36

The oxygen debt is the oxygen required for ATP synthesis to remove excess lactic acid following anaerobic exercise.

Front 37

Distinguish between glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. Under what circumstances might each occur?

Back 37

Glycogenesis: process of glycogen formation. Glycogenolysis: is the splitting of glycogen. Glycogenesis occurs when the blood glucose level increases above the midpoint of its normal range. As a result of glycogenesis, the blood glucose level decreases to its normal level. Glycogenolysis is the reversal of glycogenesis. When blood glucose levels decrease, glycogenolysis accelerates to maintain homeostasis of blood glucose concentration.

Front 38

List three of the hormones that affect glucose metabolism.

Back 38

Insulin, glucagons, epinephrine, adrenocorticotropic hormone, glucocorticoids, and growth hormone.

Front 39

The term hyperglycemia,

Back 39

which literally means “condition of too much sugar in the blood,” is used any time the blood glucose concentration becomes higher than the normal set point level

Front 40

Hypoglycemia

Back 40

occurs when the blood glucose concentration dips below the normal set point level. Hypoglycemia can occur in various conditions, including starvation, hypersecretion of insulin by the pancreatic islets, or injection of too much insulin

Front 41

lipids

Back 41

are a class of organic compounds that includes fats, oils, and related substances. The most common lipids in the diet are triglycerides, which are composed of a glycerol subunit to which are attached three fatty acids. Other important dietary lipids include phospholipids and cholesterol