A&p Ii Final Exam Ch. 25

Front 1

An electrolyte is a __________.

Back 1

substance that dissociates into ions when placed in water

Front 2

Bicarbonate is an example of a(n) __________.

Back 2

base

Front 3

What is the main component of all body fluids?

Back 3

water

Front 4

Fluid balance in the human body is roughly equivalent to:

Back 4

water balance

Front 5

Which of the following dissociates into ions when placed in water?

Back 5

electrolyte

Front 6

Determine the pH value that represents a basic, or alkaline, solution.

Back 6

pH 10

Front 7

Which of the following statements about ECF is correct?

Back 7

It is made up of fluids such as plasma and interstitial fluid.

Front 8

Which of the following is an ion found primarily in the ECF?

Back 8

HCO3-

Front 9

Overhydration will cause __________.

Back 9

cells to gain water

Front 10

Which of the following factors increases an individual's total body water?

Back 10

male

Front 11

Which of the following accounts for the majority of our total body water?

Back 11

cytosol

Front 12

The following represents the main locations fluids are found in the human body. Rank these body fluids in order from the fluid that accounts for most in the human body to the fluid that accounts for the least.

Back 12

cytosol(intracellular fluid), interstitial fluid, plasma

Front 13

Which of the following fluids has the greatest concentration of potassium ions?

Back 13

cytosol

Front 14

What determines the hydrostatic pressure of a solution?

Back 14

Hydrostatic pressure is the force that fluids exert.

Front 15

Predict the effect of hypertonic fluid on a cell.

Back 15

Hypertonic fluids cause water to move out of the cytosol and the cell shrinks.

Front 16

In what direction will water move when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma?

Back 16

Water is pulled from the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell.

Front 17

What system is responsible for the most common route of water loss from the body?

Back 17

urinary system

Front 18

How much water does the average person lose per day?

Back 18

2.5 liters

Front 19

What part of the brain controls the thirst mechanism?

Back 19

hypothalamus

Front 20

What is the most potent stimulus of the thirst mechanism?

Back 20

osmolarity of the plasma

Front 21

Which hormone does NOT regulate fluid balance in the body?

Back 21

vitamin D3 (calcitriol)

Front 22

Decreased volume and increased concentration of the extracellular fluid (ECF) is defined as:

Back 22

dehydration.

Front 23

Which of the following is an excess accumulation of interstitial fluid?

Back 23

edema

Front 24

The most common cause of this electrolyte imbalance is dehydration.

Back 24

hypernatremia

Front 25

This electrolyte imbalance is normally caused by hyperparathyroidism.

Back 25

hypercalcemia

Front 26

This electrolyte imbalance is caused by an abnormal decrease in the plasma sodium ion concentration.

Back 26

hyponatremia

Front 27

This electrolyte imbalance can be caused by renal failure, aldosterone insufficiency, cellular destruction from severe burns or trauma, and accidental administration or ingestion of excess potassium salts.

Back 27

hyperkalemia

Front 28

This electrolyte imbalance is normally caused by diuretics.

Back 28

hypokalemia

Front 29

What is the most abundant extracellular cation?

Back 29

sodium ion

Front 30

Identify the hormones responsible for increasing sodium ion retention.

Back 30

angiotensin-II and aldosterone

Front 31

An elevated sodium ion concentration is known as:

Back 31

hypernatremia.

Front 32

What is the most common cause for hypernatremia?

Back 32

dehydration

Front 33

What is most abundant intracellular cation?

Back 33

potassium ion

Front 34

What is a major function of potassium ions in the body?

Back 34

maintaining resting potential of neurons and muscle cells

Front 35

What maintains the potassium ion concentration in the cytosol of cells?

Back 35

Na+/K+ pump

Front 36

Where are the majority of calcium ions stored in the body?

Back 36

osseous tissue

Front 37

What triggers the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Back 37

decreasing calcium ion concentration of the blood

Front 38

Which condition is usually due to hyperparathyroidism?

Back 38

hypercalcemia

Front 39

What ion concentration is linked to calcium ion concentration and regulated by vitamin D3 (calcitriol)?

Back 39

phosphate ions

Front 40

Why are chlorine ions important?

Back 40

Chlorine ions are involved in the production of stomach acids.

Front 41

Determine the effect of hypocalcemia on the heart.

Back 41

As a result of hypocalcemia, the plateau phase of the cardiac muscle cell action potential is lengthened.

Front 42

The pH of the blood primarily depends upon a normal concentration of:

Back 42

hydrogen ions.

Front 43

Through what two systems are carbon dioxide eliminated from the body?

Back 43

respiratory and urinary systems

Front 44

Identify the role of the urinary system in acid-base balance.1. The kidneys can secrete bicarbonate ions when the pH of the blood rises.2. The kidneys contribute to acid-base balance by excreting fixed acids that the lungs cannot excrete.3. The kidneys can manufacture new bicarbonate ions when the pH of the blood falls.4. The kidneys contribute to acid-base balance by controlling the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood.

Back 44

1, 2, 3, 4

Front 45

Select the blood pH that represents acidosis.

Back 45

7.24

Front 46

What leads to respiratory acidosis?

Back 46

hypoventilation

Front 47

Determine the compensation for respiratory acidosis.

Back 47

increasing reabsorption of bicarbonate ions from the filtrate

Front 48

Hyperventilation is the cause of an acid-base imbalance known as:

Back 48

respiratory alkalosis.

Front 49

What leads to metabolic alkalosis?

Back 49

prolonged vomiting and the loss of acidic stomach contents

Front 50

For which imbalance is the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) appropriate?

Back 50

fluid and electrolyte imbalance

Front 51

Angiotensin-II restores fluid-homeostasis when dehydration occurs due to inadequate fluid intake. Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin-II?

Back 51

vasodilation

Front 52

Which ions are critical for the activation of some enzymes?

Back 52

magnesium ions