A&p Ii: Metabolism & Energetics (Chap 25)

Front 1

gluconeogenesis

Back 1

metabolic process in which glucose is formed, mostly in the liver, from non-carbohydrate products

Front 2

glycogenesis

Back 2

conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver; glycogen formation

Front 3

How are ketone bodies produced in the body?

Back 3

When fats or protein are catabolized for energy in the absence of carbohydrates

Front 4

ketone bodies

Back 4

toxic waste product that builds up in the body if fats or protein are burned for energy in the absence of carbohydrates

Front 5

calorie

Back 5

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

Front 6

kilocalorie/Calorie [with a capital C]

Back 6

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 KILOgram of water 1 degree Celsius; aka the "large calorie"

Front 7

What 7 factors affect BMR?

Back 7

Thyroid hormone level
Age
Gender
Physical condition
Body weight
Genetic differences
Daily energy expenditure

Front 8

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Back 8

01. a measurement of energy required to keep the body functioning at rest

02. the rate at which heat is produced by an individual in a resting state

Front 9

anabolism

Back 9

the building of proteins and muscle mass in the body; the opposite of catabolism

Front 10

catabolism

Back 10

the breaking down phase of metabolism; the opposite of anabolism

Front 11

aerobic

Back 11

name given to a process which requires oxygen

Front 12

phosphorylation

Back 12

the process of attaching a phosphate group to another molecule.

Front 13

What are the 2 types of phosphorylation?

Back 13

Substrate level and oxidative

Front 14

minerals

Back 14

inorganic ions released through the dissociation of electrolytes

Front 15

vitamins

Back 15

any of a group of organic substances essential in small quantities to normal metabolism;

two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble

Front 16

nutrient

Back 16

any chemical substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue

Front 17

Which 4 vitamins are fat-soluble?

Back 17

Vitamins A, D, E, and K


Tip: ADEK

Front 18

Which 5 vitamins are water-soluble?

Back 18

B vitamins
Biotin
Niacin
Folate (folic acid)
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Front 19

Which type of vitamins are mostly coenzymes?

Back 19

Fat-soluble vitamins

Front 20

thermoregulation

Back 20

the homeostatic ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within acceptable limits regardless of environmental conditions

Front 21

What are the 4 basic processes of heat transfer with the environment?

Back 21

Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Evaporation

Tip: RCCE

Front 22

radiation

Back 22

heat transfer between objects that are not physically touching

Note: The same heat you feel from the sun.

Front 23

conduction

Back 23

heat transfer through physical contact

Front 24

convection

Back 24

heat loss (transfer) to the air that surrounds the body

Front 25

evaporation

Back 25

heat transfer through water being change from a liquid a vapor; cools the surface where evaporation occurred

Front 26

What area of the brain is responsible for regulating heat gain and heat loss?

Back 26

Heat-loss center and heat-gain center of the preoptic area of anterior hypothalamus

Front 27

acclimatization

Back 27

physiological adaptation to an environment over time

Front 28

Which individual is more readily to lose heat?

Large individuals or
Small individuals

Back 28

Small individuals

Tip: They are small and have no fat to insulate the heat.

Front 29

Since infants cannot shiver, what feature allows them to quickly raise their body temperature?

Back 29

Brown fat

Front 30

brown fat

Back 30

highly vascularized tissue on the upper body of infants

Front 31

homeotherm

Back 31

organism capable of maintaining a constant body temperature under most circumstances

Front 32

What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?

Back 32

Oyxgen is the final electron acceptor at the end of oxidative phosphorylation.

Front 33

How much ATP is produced during aerobic respiration?

Back 33

36 ATP

Front 34

How much ATP is produced during anaerobic respiration?

Back 34

2 ATP

Front 35

What pathways are involved in aerobic respiration?

Back 35

All three pathways, which include

Glycolysis
Krebs cycle (TCA cycle)
Electron Transport System

Front 36

What pathways are involved in anaerobic respiration?

Back 36

Only glycolysis

Front 37

lactic acid

Back 37

an organic acid produced during the breakdown of glucose in anaerobic respiration when oxygen is in short supply

Front 38

How many ATPs are produced during the following pathway?

Glycolysis

Back 38

2 ATP

Front 39

How many ATPs are produced during the following pathway?

Krebs Cycle

Back 39

2 ATP

Front 40

How many ATPs are produced during the following pathway?

Electron Transport System

Back 40

32 ATP

Front 41

Identify the chemicals that enter and exit the following pathway:

Glycolysis

Back 41

Enter = Glucose

Exit = 2 ATP,
2 pyruvic acid
2 NADH

Front 42

Identify the chemicals that enter and exit the following pathway:

Krebs Cycle

Back 42

Enter = 2 acetyl-CoA

Exit = 2 ATP,
6 NADH
2 FADH2

Front 43

Identify the chemicals that enter and exit the following pathway:

Electron Transport System

Back 43

Enter = 10 NADH
2 FADH2

Exit = 32 ATP

Note: 2 extra NADH from conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA

Front 44

Where does each pathway occur in the cell?

Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport System

Back 44

Glycolysis = Cytoplasm

Krebs Cycle = Mitochondria

ETS = Inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 45

essential nutrient

Back 45

nutrient required for normal body functioning

Front 46

List 1 function for the following vitamin.

A

Back 46

Synthesis of visual pigments

Front 47

List 1 function for the following vitamin.

B1

Back 47

Maintain CNS and for converting carbs to energy

Note: Muscle weakness is a sign of deficiency.

Front 48

List 1 function for the following vitamin.

B2

Back 48

Maintain epithelia and mucosa

Front 49

List 1 function for the following vitamin.

Niacin

Back 49

Maintain CNS, GI, epithelia, and mucosa

Front 50

List 1 function for the following vitamin.

B12

Back 50

RBC production

Front 51

List 1 function for the following vitamin.

C

Back 51

Maintain epithelia and mucosa

Front 52

List 1 function for the following vitamin.

D

Back 52

Normal bone growth

Front 53

List 1 function for the following vitamin.

E

Back 53

Prevents breakdown of vitamin A

Front 54

List 1 function for the following vitamin.

K

Back 54

Liver synthesis of prothrombin
Clotting factors

Front 55

What is the first step of amino acid catabolism?

Back 55

Remove amino group (-NH2)

Front 56

What are the 2 ways an amino group can be removed in amino acid catabolism?

Back 56

Transanimation
Deanimation

Front 57

transanimation

Back 57

attaches amino group to keto acid; done in various cells

Front 58

deanimation

Back 58

prepares amino acid for breakdown in Krebs Cycle by removal of amino group and hydrogen; results in ammonium (NH4+); occurs in the liver

Front 59

Out of the 10 essential amino acids, how many can your body synthesize?

Back 59

2 out of 10

Front 60

amination

Back 60

attachment of an amino group

Front 61

What process generates ammonium ions in the liver?

Back 61

Deanimation (of amino acids)

Front 62

The amount of ATP made per gram during protein catabolism is comparable to _______ catabolism.

Back 62

carbohydrate

Front 63

cytochrome

Back 63

cell membrane proteins

Front 64

ATP synthase

Back 64

enzyme designed to release phosphate whenever hydrogen passes through during oxidative phosphorylation

Front 65

metabolic water

Back 65

water created in our cells via oxidative phosphorylation

Front 66

Why do humans still need to perform anaerobic respiration when aerobic respiration is more productive?

Back 66

We NEED to.

2 ATP is better than 0 when oxygen is inadequate.

They are done simultaneously.

Front 67

What happens to the pyruvic acid created during glycolysis in anaerobic respiration? (3)

Back 67

Lactic acid fermentation [store it in muscles]

Alcohol fermentation [yeast turns pyruvic acid into ethanol]

Bacteria alters it into "stuff" that can cause gangrene, etc.

Front 68

alcohol fermentation

Back 68

formation of alcohol from sugar; yeast converts pyruvic acids into ethanol