Year 2; Gi Block; Gi Physiology 1

Front 1

List the 4 general layer of the GI tract

Back 1

- mucosa

- submucosa

- muscularis propria

- serosa or adventitia

Front 2

Which layers of the GI tract contain plexuses and what are the called?

Back 2

- submucosa: submucosal plexus

- muscularis propria: myenteric plexus

Front 3

List the 3 layers of the mucosa

Back 3

- epithelium

- lamina propria

- muscularis mucosa

Front 4

What are the 2 types of muscle found in the GI tract and what are their general function

Back 4

- circular smooth muscle: contraction causes constriction

- longitudinal smooth muscle: contraction causes shortening

Front 5

Back 5

Front 6

Which cranial nerves innervate the mouth

Back 6

CNs VII and IX

Front 7

Name the three salivary glands in the mouth

Back 7

- parotid

- submandibular

- sublingual

Front 8

In the mouth, what is the function of;

a) mucous

b) amylase

c) bicarbonate

d) thiocynate and lysosymes

Back 8

a) lubrication

b) digest starches

c) neutralise acid

d) bacteriocidal agents

Front 9

Name two disease of the heart associated with dental carries

Back 9

- endocarditits

- Ludwig's angina

Front 10

What are are the functions of mastication (3)

Back 10

- reduce particle size in the food bolus

- mix food with saliva (lubrication and enzymes)

- increase surface area

Front 11

Back 11

Front 12

Where is the "swallowing centre"

Back 12

reticular formation of the brain stem

Front 13

What is the function of the oesophagus (1)

Back 13

- the conduit which propels the bolus from the pharynx to the stomach

Front 14

Which nerve innervates the oesophagus and which layer?

What is the response of parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation?

Back 14

- vagus (CN X); muscularis

- parasympathetic increases peristalsis (and vice versa)

Front 15

Which arteries supply the oesophagus (8)

Back 15

- superior and inferior thyroid arteries

- branches of the bronchial, intercostal and descending aorta arteries

- branches of left gastric, left inferior phrenic and splenic arteries

Front 16

Why is infarction in the oesophagus rare?

Back 16

- dense anastomosis in the submucosa

Front 17

Back 17

Front 18

What is the function of the stomach (3)?

Back 18

- food reservoir

- initiates digestion

- controlled release of contents into the duodenum

Front 19

What components make up gastric secretions (5)?

Back 19

- intrinsic factor

- H+ ions (produced by parietal cells)

- pepsin (formed from pepsinogen released from chief cells)

- mucous

- water

Front 20

What is the function of stomach acid (2)?

Back 20

- activate pepsin from pepsinogen

- kill bacteria

Front 21

What are the 3 phases of gastic secretion and, if applicable, what is their stimuli?

Back 21

- cephalic (sight/smell/taste of food)

- gastric (food entering stomach or duodenum)

- intestinal

Front 22

What happens in the cephalic phase (3)?

Back 22

- stimulus: sight/smell/taste of food

- stimulation of vagus nerve

- moderate stimulation of HCl and pepsingogen

Front 23

What happens in the gastric phase (3)?

Back 23

- distension of stomach and proteins entering the antrum

- activation of vago-vagal reflex and release of gastrin (and histamine)

- strong stimulation of HCl and pepsinogen

Front 24

In the intestinal phase, what is the response of proteins, HCl and lipids in the duodenum

Back 24

proteins: > gastrin (excitatory)

HCl: > secretin (inhibitory)

lipids: > peptide YY (inhibitory)

Front 25

Back 25

Front 26

Back 26

Front 27

List 3 anatomical factors in the jejunum/ileum which increase surface area

Back 27

- Kerckring's folds

- villi

- microvilli

Front 28

Where are Brunner's glands found and what is their function?

Back 28

- duodenum in submucosa

- secrete alkaline bicarbonate

Front 29

Where are Peyer's patches found?

Back 29

- ileum

Front 30

What are the three function of the small intestine?

Back 30

-mix food with digestive secretions and enzymes

- circulate contents to allow contact with mucosa

- propel contents towards the terminal ileum

Front 31

What are the 4 types of movement which propel food through the small intestine

Back 31

- segmentations of circular smooth muscle

- pendular contractions of longitudinal muscle

- villus movements

- peristaltic waves

Front 32

What is produced by the crypts of LieberKuhn in the small intestine and what is their function (3/3)?

Back 32

Front 33

What is produced by villus tips in the small intestine and what is their function (1/1)?

Back 33

- brush border enzymes

- digestion

Front 34

Which macromolecules undergo digestion in the stomach and what enzymes (activated and inactivated) perform the digestion?

Back 34

- proteins

- pepsin converted from pepsinogen

Front 35

Which substances undergo digestion/absorption in the small intestine and what enzymes (activated and inactivated) perform the digestion?

Back 35

- protein (trypsin and other proteases)

- lipids (bile salts perform emulsification and lipases become activated)

- carbs (amylase/maltase/sucrase/lactase)

- vitamins (passive diffusion; B12 is absorbed in the ileum and requires intrinsic factor)

- water (absorbed from the ileum (7-8 litres) by diffusion)

Front 36

Back 36

Front 37

- where are acinar cells found?

- what do they produce?

- what stimulates secretion of their products

Back 37

- pancreas

- pro-enzymes (zymogens) for digestion and Na Cl

- proteins and lipids stimulate the production of cholecystokinin which stimulates the release of zymogens

Front 38

- where are duct cells found?

- what do they produce?

what stimulates secretion of their products?

Back 38

- pancreas

- bicarbonate

- HCl in the duodenum stimulates the production of secretin which stimulates the release of bicarbonate from the duct cells