Wildlife Management Exam 1

Front 1

Wildlife

Back 1

The practical ecology of all vertebrates in the plant and animal associates

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Wildlife management

Back 2

The application of ecological knowledge to populations of vertebrate animals and their plant and animal associates in a manner that strikes a balance between the needs of those populations and the needs of people.

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Five tools of management

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Axe, plow, cow, fire & gun

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Management

Back 4

Implies that human manipulation is mandatory

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Conservation

Back 5

Sometimes it may be best to leave a natural landscape alone

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3 basic management approaches

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Preservation, direct manipulation, and indirect manipulation.

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European wildlife concept

Back 7

Wildlife are legal property of the landowner

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European wildlife concept

Back 8

Wildlife are legal property of the landowner

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North American wildlife concept

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Wildlife belongs to the people

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History of management (1800s)

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Hunting regulations have been established in attempt to ration game animals

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History of management (1930s)

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Aldo Leopold became the father of wildlife management. He wrote game management & confounded the wildlife society

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Aldo leopold

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The father of wildlife management

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History of management (1937)

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Pittman-Robertson act passed by congress allowed for 10% tax on firearms.

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History of management (1940s)

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President franklin Roosevelt created the US wildlife service, combined the bureau of biological survey with the bureau of fisheries. Then renamed it US fish & wildlife service.

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History of management (1960-1970)

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Respect for nature (less utilitarian) & an increase in attention to non game species.

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History of management (1980s-beyond)

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Dropped off from hunting

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What do wildlife managers do?

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Need to know how and when to apply basic biological and ecological principles

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Ways of exploitation

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Poaching & market hunting

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Market hunting was for

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Meat & plumage

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Theodore Roosevelt

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Founding member of the Boone and cricket club, first American to win a Nobel peace prize, & was friends with Gifford Pinchot & John Muir

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How did Roosevelt respond to the plumage hunters?

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Established an executive order in Florida (1903), created the first federal bird sanctuary, and by 1904 he created 5 wildlife refuges.

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Bison (before 1850)

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Hunted for subsistence, used every part

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Bison (after 1850)

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US army slaughtered bison to reduce food supply to the Indians. Only 1 out of every 3/5 made it to the market.

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Bison (1874)

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Congress enacted protective legislation

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Passenger pigeon

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Impacted by deforestation

1850: most abundant bird on earth flocking 2 million at a time.

1857: bill in Ohio was dismissed

1878: in over 5 months, 50,000 birds a day were killed

1914: last pigeon died in a zoo

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Near miss: wood duck

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Market hunters & habitat loss caused a close call to extinction

1918: migratory bird treaty act was passed, giving wood ducks complete protection.

1938 out grew nesting habitat

1941 became legal game again

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Near miss: wild turkey

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Over hunted for food, but limits, regulations, & restrictions are tightened yearly for restoration

Since 1930 reintroductions were attempted several times

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Kiabab plateau mule deer problems with excess

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Called for predator control, 1930s it was actively promoted.

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John Muir

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Naturalist, cofounder of the Sierra club

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Gifford Pinchot

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Studied forestry in Europe, 1st chief of the US forest service

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William T. Hornaday

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Author of “our vanishing wildlife” , first director of the Bronx zoo, formed the American bison association, bred bison at the zoo and restocked within national preserves.

1889- 541 bison

2017- 500,000 bison

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New bison issue

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Natality has exceeded mortality, need to create more habitat

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Lead poisoning & waterfowl

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Trying to control the duck & geese population by shooting 3,000 tons of lead in the wetlands per year

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1976

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Steel shot was mandated in hot spots

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1991

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Lead shot was completely banned

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Marine mammals: Sea otter

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Only thermal barrier is fur

1972: marine mammal protection act

1973: endangered species act

(Food webs are critical within ecosystems)

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Can we evaluate each species the same way?

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No, some species are more valuable & some have higher reproductive potential

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Ecosystem

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A network involving then interactions of living and non living elements in a manner that sustain life

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Community

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Group of interacting species that occur together at the same place and time

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Biosphere

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Regions of the earth that are occupied by living organisms

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Biosphere

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Regions of the earth that are occupied by living organisms

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What are some ecosystem modifications?

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Time, natural factors, & anthropogenic disturbances (DDT)

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Range of tolerance

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Organisms operate best within a range of physical and biological factors.

Like temp, humidity, & salinity.

Important for reintroduction

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Steno

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Narrow range

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Eury

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Wide range

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Niche

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Created from adaptations across evolutionary time that entails a specialized function within an ecosystem. (Where you live & what you do)

Also limits competition between species

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Invasive species

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Two species cannot occupy the same niche, causing direct competition by invader, the one with the wider tolerance wins.

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6 major biomes of North America

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Tundra

Boreal forest

Temperate deciduous forest

Temperate grassland

Desert

Chaparral

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Pioneer community: primary succession

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No community existed previously

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Pioneer community: secondary succession

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Remnants of previous community

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Climax community

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Self perpetuating community

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What happened during pond succession?

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Between oligotrophic > eutrophic, the plant material increased & created more soil to become beaver meadows

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Succession provides different levels of what?

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Food, cover, & water

This is one of the more important concepts of wildlife management

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How do you manage for a climax community species like a moose?

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Leave it alone.

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How do you manage for an early successional species like a rabbit?

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Mowing, fire, and grazing

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Diversity

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Number of species in a community

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Abundance

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Population size of a species

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Stability

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Relative constancy of abundance

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Passive entanglement devices

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Gill nets (fish), trammel nets (birds), and mist nets (bats)

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Mammal traps lethal vs non lethal.

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Snap trap (mouse)- lethal

Leghold (Feline)- usually not lethal

Snares (loop) - usually not lethal

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Clover traps are used for what?

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(Big box trap) for deer

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Tomahawk & Sherman traps are for what?

Back 62

Box traps are for smaller mammals. Tomahawk for raccoon & Sherman for shrews

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Pitfall traps are for what animals?

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Insects, reptile, amphibians, & small mammals

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Basking traps are for

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Basking turtles

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Minnow traps are for

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Fish, larval amphibians, and some aquatic insects

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Coverboards are for

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Reptiles, amphibians, & insects

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Trotlines & jug lines are used for

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Fishes

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Aquatic active capture devices

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Seine, trawl, Dipnet, electrofishing - fishes, larval amphibians, insects

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Terrestrial active capture devices are

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Cannon nets, drop nets, net guns,

hand grabs, Tongs/hooks, nooses - lizard, adult frogs, snakes

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Rocket net is used for

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Larger ground birds and waterfowl

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Burlese tullgren funnel

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Is used for removing the animal from soil/leaf litter

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Light traps are used for

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Insects as they fly towards the light

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Ponar hand is used for

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Collecting benthos

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Non capture sampling

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Hydroacoustics use sonar for aquatic critters, ANABAT with sonar library for bat species

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Telemetry

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Anything you can get a transmitter onto or into

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What animals do we use auditory sampling for?

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Birds and amphibians

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Other kinds of sampling include

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Tracks, scat, & other signs

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Camera traps are used to catch

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Natural markings

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Camera traps are used to catch

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Natural markings

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Artificial markings include

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Tags, ear notches, toe notches, pen marks, etc

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Pit tag monitoring (passive integrated transponder) monitors what

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Home range

Foraging behavior

Food hoarding

Dispersal

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GIS monitoring monitors what

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Dispersal rates, survival rates, and their use of space

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Population

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Groups of organisms of the same species, occupying the same place at the same time

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BIDE stands for

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Birth (natality)

Immigration (moving INTO population)

Death (mortality)

Emigration (moving OUT of population)

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Fecundity

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Number of eggs or sperm produced

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Fertility

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Percentage of eggs that are fertile (number of live births you actually had)

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Production

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Actual number of offspring produced

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Recruitment

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Number of new individuals that actually reach breeding age

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What happens when the population is near carrying capacity?

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Cannot add anymore individuals to the population

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If the population is much lower than carrying capacity what can you do?

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Continue to add to the population

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What happens when the population exceeds carrying capacity?

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Death occurs

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Liebigs law of the minimum

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Only a single factor limits the growth of a population at any given time

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Density dependent and density indecent factors depend on

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Wether the factor is dependent on population density.

Density dependent factors:

Competition, predation, & disease.

Density independent factors:

Storms, fires, floods, weather

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Sex ratios: primary, secondary, tertiary, & quaternary.

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Primary- at fertilization

Secondary- at birth

Tertiary- at juvenile life stage

Quaternary- at breeding life stage

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Monogamy

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1 male 1 female. Can be seasonal or life time.

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Polygamy

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Multiple females to 1 male: polyandry

1 female with multiple males: polygyny

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Polygamy

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Multiple females to 1 male: polyandry

1 female with multiple males: polygyny

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Promiscuity

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Open game, many females many males.

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Additive mortality

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Occurs when mortality events stack on one another.

Density independent factors operate in an additive way

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Compensatory mortality

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Density dependent factors operate in a compensatory manner (would die anyways)

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Metapopulations

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Patterns of population processes within distinct patches