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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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aims of wildlife management |
- increased wildlife pops that are considered too low - decrease wildlife pops that are considered too high regulate exploitation of wildlife for sustained yield - monitor wildlife pops for change |
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what is the wildlife management triad composed of? |
- wildlife pops - environ and habitat - humans |
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what are the five drivers for spp decline? |
- change in land and sea use - direct exploitation - climate change - pollution - invasive alien spp |
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what is the clientele model for wildlife management? |
- clients are sportsman who paid for and received services from wildlife managers - management funded by fees, and licenses associated with hunting and angling |
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what is the stakeholder model? |
- public have opportunities to review, comment, and legally challenge management - managers have to consider diverse groups (eg. bird watchers, photographers, hunters) |
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what are the four priorities of the stakeholder model? |
- examine hunter satisfaction - explore nonconsumptive wildlife uses - develop wildlife economics - develop politically relevant knowledge |
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what is the citizen model? |
- all citizens invest social and financial capital -- taxes on all outdoor gear, etc. |
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what is the naturalistic value orientation? |
primary interestand affection for wildlife and outdoors |
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what is the ecologistic value orientation? |
primary concern for the environment as a system and natural habitats |
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what is the humanistic value orientation? |
- strong affection for individual animals -- primarily pets |
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what is the moralistic value? |
concern for right and wrong treatment of animals |
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what is the scientistic value? |
interest in physical attributes and biological functioning of animals |
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what is the esthetic value? |
interest in artistic and symbolic characteristics of animals |
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what is the utilitarian value? |
concern for practical and material value of animals or the animal's habitat |
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what is the dominionistic value? |
interest in mastery and control of animals |
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what is the negativistic value? |
avoidance of animals due to indifference, dislike, or fear |
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what is the neutralistic value? |
passive avoidance of animals due to indifference |
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what are the two main value domains? |
- domination/utilitarian: wildlife used and managed for human benefit and prioritized over wildlife - mutualism: wildlife part of extended family deserving of care and rights |
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what are the tenets of the north american model of wildlife conservation? |
- wildlife resources are a public trust - markets for game are eliminated - allocation of wildlife is by law - wildlife can only be killed for a legitimate purpose - wildlife considered an international resource - science is the proper tool to discharge wildlife policy - democracy of hunting is standard |
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critiques of NAM |
- overemphasizes role of hunters - downplays role of other groups that contributed - too much emphasis on game spp - too static, cannot represent wildlife conserv today - overlooks indigenous people - idea of public trust reflects settler colonial norms and values - nam rooted in settler colonial concepts of property of wildlife - nam privileges western scientific approaches |
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what goes into a management plan? |
- background information of the species - goals/objectives - plans to achieve goals |
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what are the 5 population assessment methods? |
- indices: relative density - census: total count - estimation from total counts within samples - estimation from incomplete counts using detection probabilities - estimation from incomplete counts using capture methods |
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what are examples of indices? |
- camera counts - pellet counts - nest counts |
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whata re the different estimation methods from total counts within samples? |
- fixed area (eg. line/belt transects, point counts) - estimated area (eg. hayne's method) - plotless methods |
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what's an example of estimation from incomplete counts using detection probabilities? |
- distance methods |
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what are two examples of estimation from incomplete counts using capture method? |
- exploitative (eg. catch per unit effort, change in ratio, removal) - mark-recapture |
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what differs absolute and relative density? |
relative: number per unit efort absolute: number per unit area |
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what are examples of censuses? |
- drive counts - aerial photography |
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what are the 3 assumptions of distance sampling? |
- all animals on or near the transect line must be seen - distances from the transect to animals are measured accurately - animals are spotted and accurately located before they move in response to observer |
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what method would you choose for estimating animal abundance if detection probabilities change? |
- plot based methods - distance based methods |
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what is sightability correction? |
- a covariate in distance based sampling - accounts for changes in detection probability |
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what are the 3 assumptions of sightability correction? |
- groups are sighted independently and all meaningful covariates affected sighting rates are included - model delevopment requires adequate sample size - technique may not be best choice for ungulates in situations where detection rates are low (avg<50%) |
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when are removal methods possible for estimating animal abundance? |
when the pop is harvested |
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what are the two removal methods for estimating pop abundance? |
- catch per unit effort - change in ratio |
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what is the catch per unit effort removal method? |
- the more animals removed from a pop, the fewer are available to be caught - use a regression to estimate pop size before catch per effort is 0 |
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what is the change in ratio removal method? |
- used on two classes of animal harvested (eg. adults vs juveniles, males vs females, two spp.) - Observe for change in proportion of the two classes -- need to know estimate prior to method |
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what are the assumptions for the catch per unit effort removal method? |
- sampling units are random - pop is closed - all individuals have equal prob of capture - unit of effort is constant and all removals are known |
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what are the assumptions for the change in ratio removal method? |
- porportion of classes will change due to selective harvest of one class over the other - observed proportions in each class are unbiased - pop is closed - number of removals of each class is known |
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what are the variations of the lincoln-petersen method? |
- schnabel: corrects overestimation of petersen - cormack-jolly-seber: multiple captures |
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what is the simultaneous double count method for pop estimation? |
- mark-resight method with two observers in one plane observing independently |
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what is quota vs constant effort harvesting? |
quota: change harvest based on year constant effort: set proportion of pop |
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what can extreme male-biased harvest lead to? |
difficulties with the males and females finding eachother |
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what are the 3 classes of furbearers for trapping? |
- class 1: can be managed on individual traplines - class 2: move among traplines - class 3: move among traplines but generally not vulnerable to over-trapping |
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what are examples of class 1 furbearers? |
beaver, fox, marten, muskrat, raccoon, skunk, squirrel, weasel |
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what are examples of class 2 furbearers? |
lynx, bobcat, wolverine, fisher, otter |
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what are examples of class 3 furbearers? |
coyote, wolf |
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what is synurbanization? |
when responses of wildlife to ecology change with urbanized regions |
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what are the two categories of urban habitats? |
grey and green spaces |
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what are the different types of green spaces? |
- remnant: site never cleared by humans - successional: previously cleared but abandoned - managed: under management of humans |
