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224 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Thomas Hobbes |
saw humans as naturally evil and could not be trusted to govern themselves believed in monarchy; strong central government to protect humans from their selfishness |
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John Locke |
saw humans as capable of good reason believed govt should work with the people and protect their rights everyone, even slaves and women, had free will and rights life, freedom, property |
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Magna Carta |
right to due process speedy trial trial by one's peer sovereign were subject to rule of law taxation with consent presumption of innocence |
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Common Sense |
Thomas Paine attacked King George America should trade more freely |
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republic |
citizen rule through representatives |
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demoracy |
directly by the people |
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Articles of Confederation |
set up by 2nd continental congress and ratified March 1781 power would be split up national govt could declare war, make peace, sign treaties, borrow money, set standards for coins, weights, and measures, and established a postal service |
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Weaknesses to Articles of Confederation |
no national court system weak central govt; no executive branch to enfore law states pursued individual needs no unity congress could not collect taxes states would have one vote regardless 9/13 needed to agree to pass laws articles could only be amended if all states approve |
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Shay's rebellion |
led by Daniel Shays Jan 1787, farmers attacked arsenal in Springfield Massachusetts shwoed a need for a stronger national govt |
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Virgina Plan |
proposed by James Madison bicameral legislature with membership based on population served big states |
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New Jersey Plan |
proposed by William Paterson single has congress with each state having equal vote favored small states |
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Great Compromise |
proposed by Roger Sherman two house congress senate, upper house, equal representation house of Representatives, lower house, based on state population voters chose members of House, state legislature chose Senate members |
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Federalism |
power divided between national and state govt |
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3 branches |
legislative- make laws executive- carry out laws judicial- interpret laws and settle disputes |
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Federalists |
supported Constitution |
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antifederalists |
against constitution and opposed strong central govt saw no guarantee that govt would protect people's right demanded bill of rights |
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Constitution: Legislature House of Representatives |
2 year terms # of rep depends on population (checked every 10 years) sole power of impeachment |
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Constitution: Legislature Senate |
6 year terms 2 per state (1/3 chosen every 2 years) VP is president of Senate sole power to try all impeachments |
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Constitution: Legislature Congress (senate and House of Representatives) |
assembles at least once a year lay and collect taxes, pay debts, and provide common defense and welfare borrow and coin money regulate commerce establish post offices and roads promote progress in science and arts define and punish for piracies and felonies against law of nations Declare war provide and maintain army and navy elastic clause- make any law necessary to execute these powers |
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How a bill is passed |
arises in House of Rep and Senate then may concur or propose on the bills Bills are presented to President for approval if he denies, 2/3 needed from both houses or it is passed if the President chooses not to return it within 10 days |
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What Congress cannot do |
taxes on state no preference on states no money can be drawn from treasury no title of nobility |
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Constitution: Executive |
4 year term elected through electoral college determined by # of senators and representatives commander in chief of army and navy make treaties |
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Constitution: Judicial |
Supreme Court settles disputes between states term is as long as they like if they maintain good behavior reviews all laws and treaties presides over impeachment trials |
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Bill of Rights 1 |
1) Freedom of Religion, speech, press, peaceful assembly, and petition |
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Bill of Rights 2 |
2) Keep and bear arms |
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Bill of Rights 3 |
3) No soldier shall in peace times be quartered in any house |
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Bill of Rights 4 |
4) Be secure in person and home, no unreasonable search and seizure without warrant |
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Bill of Rights 5 |
5) No double jeopardy, cannot be a witness against himself, cannot be deprived of rights without due process |
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Bill of Rights 6 |
6) Right to a speedy public trial; informed of cause of accusation, witnesses for and against him, attorney |
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Bill of Rights 7 |
7) trial by jury |
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Bill of Rights 8 |
8) no excessive bail or fine, no cruel or unusual punishment |
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Bill of Rights 9 |
Rights of people cannot be detained or disparaged |
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Bill of Rights 10 |
Rights not given to US by Constitution, nore prohibited by states, are reserved to states/people |
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Monroe Doctrine |
warned Europeans of interfering with affairs in the Western hemisphere they should not create new colonies or overthrow the newly independent republics this was in fear of US territory (both old and potential land) being taken and trades being threatened |
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NvS Climate |
North Warm, humid summer Cold snowy winter Forests fundedtimber-based industries Ocean and rivershelp with shipbuilding and powering factories south Warm and sunny,heavy rainfall Hot long summers andmild winters Perfect climate forgrowing crops, nutrient rich farmland Rivers aided trade |
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NvS Population |
north Rise in population,higher5-19 million due toimmigration from Europe south 12 million peopleLower population 1/3 population wereslavesMostly European |
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NvS Cities |
North Heavy impact onpopulation Centers of commerce South Relied onagriculture and lived on large farmsOnly few cities weredeveloped |
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NvS Economy |
North Different industries like shipping, lumber, textiles,furs, and mining Subsistence farming Used water power andcoal for steam plantsCloth, iron, shipswere manufactured and traded High tariffs South Based on agriculture(cash crops) Cotton gin (EliWhitney 1793)- cotton became main crop which spread industry and slaveryCotton- 2/3 ofamerican exports Relied on slaveryand cheap imports Disliked tariffs |
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NvS culture |
North The culture reliedheavily on industrialization.Farming wasdifficult in the north Primarily based ontradeNo slavery South Culture revolvedaround the small wealthy class of land owners People often visitedother people's farms and plantationsslavery More churchesunorganized religion |
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NvS Transportation |
North They had surfaceroads, canals like the Erie Canal, less accessible river transportation, andrailroads The maintransportation was canal South Steamships,railroads to a smaller degree of the north, |
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Gold Rush |
1850 led to Cali applying for statehood |
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Problems with CA being a state and slavery in the New Mexico Territories |
was not going to have slaves which angered slave states -they thought since most of CA was south of Missouri, it would have slavery -wanted to apply Missouri Compromise to Lousiana Purchase Texas (slave) claimed eastern half of New Mexico Territories since slavery had not been solved there |
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Great Compromise of 1850 |
california would be free state new and more effective fugitive slave law popular sovereignty for slavery in New Mexico and Utah Texas received $10 million no more slave trade in DC but allowed to remain |
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Debate of slaery in Kansas and Nebraska |
whether popular sovereignty should be allowed north of Missouri river |
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Kansas-Nebraska Act |
allowed popular sovereignty |
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Bleeding Kansas and other violence |
race to the voting polls in Kansas proslavery won illegally which angered abolitionists led to violence Senator Charles Sumner criticized south especially Senator Andrew P Butler. Butler's nephew attacked Sumner with cane the next day |
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Dred Scott Decision |
1857 went with master to free Illinois and Wisconsin and then back to Missouri -debate on whether he was free decided that Scott lacked legal standing to suit; 5th amendment protected property |
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Lincoln vs Douglas |
both didnt want slavery but diagreed on how to keep it out Douglas- popular sovereignty Lincoln- abolish with amendment Douglas won |
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Other events leading to Civil War |
John Brown led raid to seize arsenal of Harper's ferry in Virginia with 21 men Lincoln won 1860 election which led to southern secession led by SC Jefferson Dais became President of Confederates |
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Political Parties |
Whigs ended after Kansas Democrats split on slavery New Republican Party grew and wanted slavery out of states American (Know-Nothing) Party was native born over immigrants; split on slavery Liberty Party was for abolition Free Soil Party opposed extension of slavery (still agreed with racial laws) |
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Civil War |
bloodiest US war |
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Fort Sumter |
South immediately began to raid forts Lincoln sent only food marked 1st bloody battle between N & S united North, stirred outrage, increased volunteers, patriotism showed resolve of South, boosted morale |
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North and South advantages in Civil War |
North resources, people, factories, food production, railroad, navy South cotton, generals, motivated soldiers |
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North's and South's plan for Civil war |
North navy block ports so no importing or exporting split confederacy in half through the Mississippi River Capture capital, Richmond South defensive |
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Battle of Bull Run |
1st major battle origin of stonewall jackson who helped South stay strong reinforcements helped Confederates win 1st victory |
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Ulysses S Grant |
union general led attacks Tennessee later became commander of union |
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Robert E Lee |
Confederate General drove away northern advances to capital |
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Antietam |
single bloodiest battle union won south lost too many soldiers |
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Emmancipation Proclamation |
troops could take southern "property" and free them did not completely end slavery ended slavery in union states |
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Gettysburg |
tunging point of the war 3 days union calvary led by John Buford was on defense both called for reinforcements day 2, north had cemetery ridge while confederates had town Day 3, pickett led charge on center of union union witheld as they climbed up |
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Gettysburh address |
helped unify nation |
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Vicksburg |
Grant fought in order to take Mississippi weakened defenses by destroying rail lines settled for a siege barrage of artillery and shelling |
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Total war |
Willam Sherman destroyed everything on is way to Georgia -his victories helped Lincoln be re-elected destroyed morale and resources |
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appomatox courthouse |
Lee and Grant arranged Confederate surrender |
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results of war |
federal govt's power increased north boomed economically and union was preserved south was devastated |
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13th amendment |
no slavery or indentured servitude |
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freedmen's bureau |
established by congress to provide for former slaves and poor whites in the south |
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reconstruction |
period which US began to rebuild after ciil war -process govt used to re-admit confederate states |
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Andrew Johnson |
took over after Lincoln's assination |
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Lincoln's plan for reconstruction |
lenient 1863-Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction -would pardon all confederates except high-ranking officials who pledge to union -needed at least 10% for state to form new govt angered radical republicans who wanted to remove political power of former slave owners and give citizenship to slaves |
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Johson's plan for Reocnstruction |
excluded high ranking officials and wealthy landowners from oath needed for voting 1866, enlarged Freedmen's bureau and passed civil rights act --gave African Americans citizenship and forbade discriminatory laws but was vetoed by Johnson |
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14th amenment |
cannot deny rights to US citizens overruled Scott decision |
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reconstruction act of 1867 |
split confed. into 5 military districts states had to accept 14th amendment to rejoin union |
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radicals tried to impeach Johnson |
was impeached but was not convicted |
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15th amendment |
no one can be kept from voting |
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republicans consisted of |
scalawags, carpetbaggers, and african americans |
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scalawags |
white southeners |
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carpetbaggers |
northeners who moved south |
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sharecropping |
former slaves and poor whites landowners divided land and each household kept some crops and gave the rest to owner |
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tenant farming |
croppers rented land and could keep all harvest |
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amnesty act |
returned voting and office rights to confeds |
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end of freedmen's bureau |
gave power to southern democrats |
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end of reconstruction |
1876 due to democrats |
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Edwin L Drake |
steam engine to drill oil led to oil boom kerosene for lamps gasoline for cars |
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plenty of coal and iron |
led to production of steel railroad bridges, skyscrapers, barbed wire, farm machines |
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beseemer process |
injected air into molten iron to remove carbon and impurities replaced by open hearth |
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edison |
light bulb system to distribute electrical power |
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electricity |
powered machines, homes, and appliances allowed industry to grow and spread |
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christopher sholes |
typewriter |
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alexander graham bell |
phone gave jobs to women |
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industrialization helped |
free factory workers and improved living clothes can be mass produced new jobs in factories and cities more good unskilled labor unsafe working conditions and child labor inc urban pop increase immigration |
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railroads |
gave immigrants jobs promoted growth, trade, and interdependence connected cities and specialized them led to time zones new towns by railroads |
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George M Pullman |
built factory for sleepers and railroad cars provided basic needs for workers town controlled by company |
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Grangers |
farmer's organization that demanded govt control of railroad industry angry of -misuse of govt grants to other businesses than to settlers -fixed prices which kept farmers in debt -diff rates |
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Ganger's law |
established max freight and passenger rates prohibited discrimination |
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Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 |
states could not set interstate rates on commerce re-established fed govt. right to supervise railroad established Interstate Commerce Commision icc did not gain power until later |
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Careneguie Steel Co |
searched for cheap effective ways to make products new machines and techniques attracted talented people by offering stock encouraged competition among assitants vertical and horizontal integration |
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vertical integration |
bought out his supplies in order to control raw materials and transportation systems
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horizontal integration |
buy out competing co and merge |
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JP Morgan |
led US steel and bought Carnegie steel |
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John D rockefeller |
standard oil company trust agreements -participants gave stock to group of trustees and were entitled to dividends gave low wages to employees and sold oil less than production cost to sell out competitors |
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Sherman Antitrust act |
illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries prevented corps from expanding failed to find/prove these companies were against law |
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socialism |
Eugene V Debs economic and political system based on govt control of business and property and equal distribution of wealth |
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americal federation of Labor (AFL) |
focused on negotiation with laborers and management collective bargaining striked successfully |
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American Railway Union |
Eugene V Debs with all laborers |
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Industrial workers of the world |
radical unionists and socialists |
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national labor union |
1st labor union only whites 8 hour workday |
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Noble Order of the Knights of Labor |
everyone equal pay and 8 hours negotiate more than strike |
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industrial unionism |
skilled and unskilled in industry |
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craftsmen unionism |
skilled workers |
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great strike of 1877 |
workers for the baltimore and ohio railroad went on strike after 3rd wage cut |
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haymarket affair |
confusion and death of innocents |
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homestead strike |
kept the steel plant closed until several months later |
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Pullman Co Strike |
people boycott trains but became violent |
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mary harris jones |
famous labor organizer mother jones fought child labor united mine workers |
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paulina newman |
International Ladies' Garment Workers fire and triangle shirtwaist factory |
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southern eastern European immigrants |
religious persecution rising pop led to less land and more competition escape reform/revolt to east coast had to pass govt inspection on Ellis island |
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Chinese and Japanese immigrants |
to California and later west coast Japanese hired by Hawaiians Chinese limited by Congressional Act of 1882 inspection on angel island (SF) -harsh questioning and long detention |
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effects of immigration |
cultural challenges ethnic communities threat to american life and jobs melting pot nativism literacy test for immigrants |
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Chinese Exclusion Act |
act banned entry to all immigrants except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and govt officials |
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Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907-1908 |
limit emigration of Japanese unskilled workers in return of repeal of San Francisco segregation order |
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Americanizaiton movement |
designed to assimilate people of wide-ranging culture into a dominant one |
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Urban problems |
cramped and shared homes trash and pollution mass transit lack of piping manure, sewage, and smoke thieves spread of fires |
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Social Gospel Movement |
salvation through service to poor |
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settlement houses |
community centers to help neighborhood |
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Chicago's hull house |
influential movement James Addams and Ellen Gates Starr |
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political machine |
organized group that controlled the activites of politocal party in a city city boss-controlled activities of political group ward bass- secured vote and helped poor to gain vote precinct workers and captains- tried to gain support of voters |
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graft |
illegal use of politcal influence for personal gain |
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William M Tweed (Boss Tweed) |
head of Tammany Hall NYC led Tweed Ring |
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patronage |
giving govt jobs to people who help get a canidate elected |
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Pendle Civil Service Act of 1883 |
authorized bipartisan civil service commission to make appoinments to federal jobs through a system based on canidate's performance on an examination |
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progressive movements |
aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life -protect social welfare -promoting moral improvement -creating economic reform -fostering efficiency |
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social welfare |
worked to solve harsh conditions of industrialization social Gospel movement and settlement houses Salvation army florence kelley- women and children --helped win Illinois Factory Act ----prohibited child labor and lowered hours for women |
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moral improvement |
improve behavior of immigrants an dpoor city dwellers prohibition Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) -school, prohibition. visiting inmates and asylum -suffrage Anti-Saloon League |
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Economic Reform |
increase in socialism muckrakers- journalists who wrote about corrupt side of business and public life |
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effiency |
scientific management- break task into simple parts |
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Keating-Owen Act |
banned transport of child labor goods across states |
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initiative |
bill from the people |
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referendum |
voters accept/deny |
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recall |
allowed voters to remove public officials |
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17th amendment |
senate voted by state pop |
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susan B. Anthony |
leading proponent of women suffurage |
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NACW |
National association of colored women |
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NAWSA |
National American Women Suffrage Association |
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Suffrage plan |
convince state legislature pursued court cases testing 14th amendment -proved Women were citizens but didnt have right to vote pushed for constitutional amendment |
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upton sinclair |
wrote on conditions of meat packing industry |
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Square Deal |
various progressive movements sponsored by Roosevelt admin break up big business preserve environment |
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1902 coal strike |
Roosevelt intervened and set up commission that would create compromise |
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Elkins Act |
illegal for railroad officials to give and shippers to receive rebates for using particular railroads and couldnt change set rates without notifying public |
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Hepburn Act |
limited distrubution of free railroad passes ICC could also set max railroad rates |
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meat inspection act |
dictated cleanliness and created inspection program |
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pure food and drug act |
truth in labeling |
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William Howard Taft |
after Roosevelt more cautious consolidated than expanded lowered tariffs took more reserved land to public |
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Payne - Alderich tariff |
increased imported goods rate |
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progressie party (bull moose party) |
under Roosevelt was republican direct election of senators, women suffrage, labor rights, govt regulation |
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Wilson's new freedom |
stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs saw monopolies as threat |
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wilson's triple wall of priviledge |
trusts, tariffs, and finance |
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clayton antitrust act |
strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act cannot acquire stock to form monopolies |
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Federal Trade Commision |
given power to investigate possible violations of regulatory statues , require periodic reports, and put an end to unfair business practices |
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underwood act |
redue tariff rates and by using bully pulpit, he got Senate to cut rates more deeply than House |
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16th amendment |
legalizes federal income tax from individual earnings and corp profits larger income, higher tax |
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Federal Reserve Act |
divided nation into 12 districts w/ regional central bank |
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imperialism |
thepolicy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or militarycontrol over weaker territorie |
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US began spreading its borders due to |
manifest destiny |
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3factors for US imperialism |
Desire for military strength -Alfred T. Mahan urged govt. to build up navy Thirst for new markets - Saw foreign trade as solution to need for raw materials, overproduction, and related problems of unemployment and economic depression Belief in cultural superiority -Combined social Darwinism (free-market competition would lead to survival of the fittest) with the belief of racial superiority of anglo-saxons A rgued they had the responsibility to spread Christianity and civilization to inferior people |
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Seward |
got alaska for 2 cents an acre for timber, minerals, and oil |
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hawaii |
1867, US took midway islands in Pacific Ocean Hawaii was the midpoint on the way to China for merchants missionaries set up schools 1890 McKinley tariff eliminates duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar American planters called for annexation in Hawaii so they wouldn’t have to pay duty for importing sugar 1887, US pressured Hawaii into building a naval base at Pearl Harbor Queen Liliuokalani Arevolution led by John L Stevens overthrew her and set up govt. under Sanford BDole. 1898, Hawaii was proclaimed an American territory under William McKinley even though Hawaii never got to vote 1959, Hawaii became 50th state |
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Jose Marti |
Cubanpoet and journalist launched revolution in 1895 |
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Spain's response to Cuban Revolt |
Spain sent Valeriano Weyler as a response to Cuban Revolt Tried to crush rebellion by herding entire rural population of central and western Cuba into barbed-wire concentration camps. His actions caused newspaper wars between William Rudolph Hearst (New York Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) since they exaggerated accounts but it deepened sympathy for the rebels / |
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yellow journalisim |
exaggeratesthe news to lure and enrage readers. Sympathyincreased and people demanded US intervention |
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US intervention in Cuban Revolt |
President McKinley tried diplomatic means to resolve the crisis to avoid war Spain recalled General Weyler, modified policy on concentration camps, and offered limited self-government |
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De Lome letter |
theSpanish minister to the US, was leaked to newspapers and it criticized thePresident |
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USS Maine |
USS Maine was sent to Cuba to bring back American citizens in danger from fighting and to protect US property 1898- the ship blew up and newspaper claimed Spain did it "Remember the Maine became rally cry for US intervention even though Spanish government agreed to almost all demands McKinley asked Congress and they agreed to declare war |
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Spanish American War: Phillippines |
Commodore George Dewey gave US fleet the command to fire at Spanish fleet at Manila. Filipinos supported him and rebels, under Emilio Aguinaldo, joined forces with Americans until Spanish troops there surrendered |
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Spanish American War: Carribbean |
In the Caribbean, hostilities began with naval blockade of Cuba US army contained a majority of volunteers but lacked good training and supplies Rough Riders- volunteer cavalry under the command of Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt San Juan Hill- strategically important Rough riders and 2 African American regiments led dramatic uphill charge that cleared the way for an infantry attack |
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Treaty of Paris |
Cuba was freed, Guam and Puerto Rico became US territories, and Philippines were sold to US for $20 million |
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US imperialism: puerto rico |
Puerto Rico was strategically important for maintaining US presence in the Caribbean and for protecting a future canal that US wanted to build across Panama Foraker Act In Insular Cases, Supreme Court ruled that Constitution did not automatically apply to its territories 1917-Granted US citizenship and allowed them to vote for both upper and lower house |
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US imperialism: Cuba |
US helped with supplies, farmers, education, and disease Platt amendment US would not remove troops until amendment was agreed upon Cuba agreed and under a treaty became a protectorate |
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Foraker Act |
ended military rule and set up civil government Gave US president power to appoint Puerto Rico's governor and members of its upper house Puerto Rican could only elect lower house members |
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Platt amendment |
Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its independence or permit foreign power to control any part of its territory US reserved the right to intervene Cuba was no to go into debt that govt. could not repay US could buy or lease land on the island for naval stations and refueling stations |
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protectorate |
countrywhose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power |
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US imperialism: Phillippines |
US had businesses invested in the island's sugar, tobacco, and mining industries and railroads and public utilities Emilio Aguinaldo led fight for freedom in the Philippines in 1899 US had almost same role as the Spanish Forced Filipinos into designated zones Afterthe rebellion failed, US set up same govt. as in Puerto Rico Philippines acted as gateway to the rest of Asia especially China7D# |
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US imperialism: China |
JohnHay, secretary of State issued Open Door note Boxer Rebellion 2nd set of open door notes statingthe US would safeguard equal and impartial trade with the Chinese Empire |
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Roosevelt as peacekee[er |
Japan began to attack Russian fleet leading to Russo-Japanese war over korea Roosevelt mediated negotiations between Russia and Japan Treaty of Portsmouth- Japan would receive half of Sakhalin island in return for Russian interests in Manchuria and Korea |
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US imperialism: Panama |
USwanted canal across Central America so it could reduce travel time forcommercial and military ships US sent troops on the day Panama declared independence Treaty was placed where US would pay and rent area for canal |
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Roosevelt corollary |
Rooseveltwanted to be predominant power in Caribbean and Central America added to the Monroe Doctrine US would use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America "speak softly and carry a big stick" |
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dollar diplomacy |
usingUS govt to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American business men |
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Wilson's missionary diplomacy |
UShad moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American govt itviewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to US interests |
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problems in Mexico |
Porfirio Diaz, military dictator, promoted foreign investment and the omen people become desperately poor 1911, peasants overthrew Diaz under Francis Madero Wilson adapted "watchful waiting" Wilson removed troops when Huerta regime fell and Carranza became president Rebels Francisco Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata opposed Carranza's provisional govt. Zapata wanted land reform Villa, fierce nationalist, courted the support and aid of US John J Pershig sent to capture Villa Eventually stopped, US left and govt set regulations |
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4 causes to WWI |
nationalism- Led to competitive and antagonistic rivalries among nations; ethnic groups wanted freedom imperialism- contest for colonies militarism- Increase in military spending-development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy formation of alliances |
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Aillances |
Triple Entente=Allies France, Britain, and Russia Triple Alliance= Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Central Powers= Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire (middle eastern lands controlled by Turks) |
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start to WWI |
Archduke Franz Ferdinand- heir to the Austrian throne was killed with his with Sophie on a trip in Bosnia by Serbian nationalist Led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia Alliance system pulled other countries Germany declared war on Russia and France Britain then declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary |
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schlieffen plan |
Germany'splan for a holding action in Russia, invasion of Belgium to get to France, thenthe two German forces would defeat Russia |
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trench warfare |
armies fought for mere yards of ground The long siege in France led to creation of trenches No man's land- barren expanse of mud pockmarked with shell crates and filled with barbed wire |
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America during WWI |
industry boomes and supplies shipped to Allies Britain blockaded Germany preventing shipping of military supplies and food Germany used U-boats (sub) to sink Allied ships near Britain America was outraged when Germany sunk Lusitania Zimmerman note Russia leaves war allowingUS to claim it was a war of democracies against brutal monarchies |
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Zimmerman note |
Germany asked for alliance between itself and Mexico Promised to support Mexico in recovering Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, if war broke out with US |
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April 6, 1917 |
US joins war |
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SelectiveService Act |
requiredmen to register with the govt in order to be randomly selected for militaryservicee |
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convoy system |
heavyguard of destroyers would escort merchant ships from U-boats |
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What american brough to the war |
Americans brought freshness and enthusiasm to Europe American Expeditionary Force (AEF)- led by General John J. Pershing included men from widely separated parts of the country -American infantry men nicknamed "doughboy" for belts cleaned with pipe lay or "dough" - Most had never ventured far from home |
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weapons in WWI |
New and improved machine guns Most innovative weapons were tanks and airplanes British first used tanks at the Battle of Somme in 1916 but it was not very effective 1917, British figured out how to use tanks to clear barbed wire defense Early airplanes were first used for scouting Dogfights between airplanes with mounted machine guns occurred (Eddie Rickenbacker) Observation balloons were used on both sides and were protected by aircraft flying close by. |
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hazards soldiers faced |
Severe injury Smoke filled air Filth Lice Rats Polluted water Diseases like dysentery, trench foot, and trench mouth Poisonous gas and the stench of decaying bodies Lack of sleep, battle fatigue, and shellshock |
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Alvin York |
famous American war hero who sought exemption as conscientious objector =person who opposes warfare on moral grounds Decided war was morally acceptable if the cause was just b |
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End of WWI |
November 3, 1918- Austria-Hungary surrendered Germans were too exhausted to fight November 11, 1918- Germany signed an armistice=truce, and ended the war |
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War industries Board |
main regulatory body Reorganized under Bernard M. Baunch WIB encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency Retail prices soared and corporate prices too People tried to conserve fuel |
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National War Labor Board |
established in 1918 by President Wilson to deal with disputes between management and labor Workers who refused to obey board decisions could lose draft exemptions Pushed for 8-hour work day, safety inspections, and child labor ban |
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war at home |
wages and stocks grew people planted victory gardens 1/3 of money needed for war was raised through taxes The rest was raised through public borrowing by selling "Liberty Loan" and "victory Loan" bonds |
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Commitee on Public Information |
1st propaganda agency created by govt |
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Espionageand Sedition Acts |
ersoncould be fined and sentenced to jail for interfering with the war effort or forsaying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the govt or the war effort (sedition was with words) |
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great migration |
large scale movement of hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks to cities in the north Many sought to escape discrimination |
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women during WWI |
Women held many of the jobs men had efforst led to suffrage |
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Wilson's 14 points |
speech given by Wilson about his plan for world peace First 5 points addressed his ideas to prevent another war - There should be no secret treaties among nations - Freedom of the seas should be maintained for all - Tariffs and other economics barriers among nations should be lowered or abolished in order to foster free trade - Arms should be reduced "to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety, thus lessening the possibility of military responses" during diplomatic crises. - Colonial policies should consider the interests of the colonies as well as the interests of the imperialist powers ---Self-determination- right of people to govern own nation Next eight points dealt with boundary changes - Groups that claimed distinct ethnic identities were to form their own nation-states or decide for themselves to what nations they would belong 14th point called for the creation of international organization to address diplomatic crises like those that had sparked the war - League of Nations- provided a forum for nations to discuss and settle their grievances without having to resort to war = |
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Allied Leaders |
Georges Clemenceau- French premier who was determined to prevent future invasions David Lloyd George- British prime minister, wanted Germany to pay Vittorio Orlando was Italian prime minister who wanted control of Austrian-held territory |
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Treaty of Versailles |
Established Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia Shifted boundaries Cared out 5 areas of ottoman empire and gave them to France and Britain as mandates Barred Germany from maintaining an army, return Alsace-Lorraine to France and to pay reparations (war damages) War guilt clause- forced Germany to admit sole responsibility for starting WWI Russia lost a lot of land Ignoredthe claims of colonized people for self-determination like Vietnameses |
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Haenry Cabot Lodge |
conservativesenator that was suspicious of the provision for joint economic and militaryaction against aggression, even though voluntary |
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Postwar trends |
Deep exhaustion and disillusionment America split with different opinions Nativism and isolationism spread |
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communism |
economicand political system based on a single party govt ruled by a dictatorship |
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Red Scare |
People saw communism as a threat because of the end of private property and govt control of railroads, business, and factories Americans feared Bolshevik Revolution and the spread of "Reds" Reds were determined to get rid of capitalism everywhere |
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Palmer Raids |
USAG Mitchell Palmer and aide J Edgar Hoover conducted the Palmer raids againstsuspected anarchists and Marxists; civil liberties ignored, foreigners deported |
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Saccoand Vanzetti |
twoItalian immigrants and anarchists were suspected of robbery and murder; trialand evidence was shady but they were convicted |
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Emergency quota of 1921 |
set up quota system-established max number of people who could enter the US from each foreigncountry Congresswas pressured to limit immigrants namely from southern and eastern Europe Amendment in 1924 limited immigration from each nation to 2 percent of its nationals living in the US |
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Strikes after WWI |
Many strikes occurred after the war Employers did not want to raise wages or let employees join unions Boston police strike - to raise wages; staff replaced Workers in steel mills wanted shorter working hours and a living wage Over 300,000 workers walked off the US Steel Corporation |
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John L lewis |
new leader of United Mine Workers of America Led strike which closed mines Ended up winning wage increase |
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Union membership dropped |
Much of the work force consisted of immigrants willing to work in poor conditions Since immigrants spoke a multitude of languages, unions had difficulty organizing them Farmers who had migrated to cities to find factory jobs were used to relying on themselves Most unions excluded African Americans except Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters founded in 1925 by A. Philip Rudolph |
