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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why did the attempt by the British to settle on Roanoke Island fail?
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loss of food
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When and where was the 1st successful British colony established in North America?
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Jamestown, VA
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Who founded, or established, Jamestown?
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London Company
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What is the legacy of Jamestown?
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1st colony, tobacco foundation, created self-government House of Burgesses
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Identify the ‘Headright’ system
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attracted new settlers to VA b/c every new arrival promised 50 acres.
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Who were the Pilgrims? Where did they settle? When?
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Puritans who separated from their church in New England, Plymouth in 1620
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What was the significance of the Mayflower Compact?
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they decided to create their own government; the first gov. in Plymouth colony.
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Who were the Puritans? Where did they settle? When?
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significant group of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries, Massachusetts Bay Colony 1630. Wanted to purify the Church.
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How did settlement of the Chesapeake compare to the settlement of New England?
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young men, few women...no families
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John Smith
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leader of the English peace with the Indians; got shot
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John Rolfe
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Brings tobacco to Jamestown
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Pocahontas
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daughter of chief, promoted peace Indian tribes, converted to Christianity, married John Rolfe
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William Bradford
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governor (Plymouth colony) and kept peace with the Indians for 31 years
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Miles Standish
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Head of Militia
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Squanto
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English speaking indian, interpreter, English-speaking Indian once held captive in England; belonged to a village wiped by epidemic. Allowed Pilgrams to communicate with Indians, shared geographical knowledge
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John Winthrop
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1st governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, vision of puritan community
-good of the whole first |
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Anne Hutchinson
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challenged the Puritan orthodox
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Who were the Huguenots? Why did they come to North America?
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Protestants from France who escaped persecution for being Catholic
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What happened in Deerfield, MA in 1704?
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50 settlers were massacred, 111/112 were taken prisoner French & Native Americans attacked Deerfield, Massachusetts. 112 captives were taken to Canada. One third chose not to return. Indians ally with French, attacked back
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What were the years of the French and Indian War? Why was war inevitable?
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1754-1763, too much conflict with Indians and English settlers in French territory.
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What was the result of the French and Indian War?
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British and Iroquois won, Britain gained all French territories east of the MI.
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How did the French and Indian War contribute to the American Revolution?
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The British financed the war, and were in serious debt to pay off.
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What was the main cause of the American Revolution?
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taxation without representation
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What was the Sugar Act?
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tariff on coffee, molasses, and wine
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What was the Stamp Act? Why was it repealed?
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tariff on all printed material; protests, riots, and boycotts.
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Who were the Sons of Liberty? Who was their leader?
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A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.
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What goods were taxed under the Townsend Act?
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imports, tea
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When the Townsend Acts were repealed, the British left a tax on one item. What was it?
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tea tax
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What exactly was the ‘Boston Massacre’? Who defended the redcoats?
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A riot in Boston (March 5, 1770) arising from the resentment of Boston colonists toward British troops quartered in the city, in which the troops fired on the mob and killed 5 and injured 11 people. John Adams and Josiah Quincy Jr.
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When was the Boston Tea Party? Why did it happen?
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(1773) in protest of the Tea Act, a band of colonists, led by Sam Adams, disguised as Indians, rowed out to the boat and dumped the tea chests into the harbor. Generally approved by colonists. 1.Boston harbor was closed. 2. legislative assembly of MA was dissolved. 3. british soldiers quartered homes 4. Criminal defendants were sent to England or Canada for persecution.
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What were the Intolerable Acts? Why were they imposed on MA?
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(1774) passed in response to the Boston Tea Party; Port Bill: closed Boston Harbor until the E IND Co was paid for its tea. Mass. Govt Act: annulled the MA charter and prohibited most local town meetings. Adm of Justice Act: allowed trials for capital crimes to be transferred to other colonies or to ENG. Helped create firm sense of unity among Patriots. MA under martial law in response to the tea party
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Where did the 1st Continental Congress meet? Why?
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Philidelpia, Carpenters Hall; response to the intolerable acts.
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What message did the 1st Continental Congress send to England?
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Sent a petition to King George III and urged a boycott of British imports; trade would stop until military is gone from MA and weapons would be stored if necessary
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Year the American Revolution began?
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1775
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Describe what happened at the Battle of Lexington & Concord?
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Lexington-a skirmish between Minute Men and Redcoats, 8 MM died and the British marched on to Concord after supplies and -a battle between militiamen in Mass and Redcoats; the British sustained heavier casualties than the Patriots and the colonists proved that they were able foes
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How was the Battle of Bunker Hill a ‘moral victory’ for the Americans? Where is Bunker Hill?
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British lost 1,000 men and they only won because Americans ran out of ammo. Proved that the Americans could actually take on the strong, established British troops.
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How did the Continental Army escape surrender after the defeat at the Battle of Long Island?
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Britain won in order to crush the rebellion...didn't work clearly
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When was the Declaration of Independence written? Who wrote it?
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July 4, 1776; Thomas Jefferson
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Why was the American victory at the Battle of Trenton so important?
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Victory on their side, first victory for Washington
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What happened at Valley Forge in the winter of 1778-79?
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1/5 had no shoes, small pox, little food, and no warm clothes.
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Which battle was the turning point in the war? Why?
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Saratoga, convinced the French to join the war.
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Which battle marked the surrender of the British and the American victory in the revolution?
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Battle of Yorktown
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George Washington
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Commander of the continental army, great leader, had military experience, would do it for free, gave up power 2 times to the people.
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Benjamin Franklin
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on committee discussing the Declaration of Independence (basically wrote it), and dealt with the Treaty of Paris
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John Adams
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Defended British soldiers in the Boston massacre, A Federalist who was Vice President under Washington in 1789, and later became President by three votes in 1796. Known for his quarrel with France, and was involved in the xyz Affair, Quais War, and the Convention of 1800.
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Samuel Adams
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Leader of the sons of liberty
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John Hancock
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President of the continental congress
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Patrick Henry
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from VA, attorney, wrote Stamp Act Resolves
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Nathaniel Green
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General with Washington in the Battle of Trenton
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Richard Henry Lee
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anti-fed, proposed congress issue with declaration; A man from Virginia, who was a leader of one of the sides of the Second Continental Congress. The side that he led was for independence and hoped to gain it from the war.
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What were the Articles of Confederation? When were they ratified?
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original constitution for new nation- framework of the government; March 1, 1781
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What were 4 accomplishments of the 2nd Continental Congress?
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1. Articles of Confederation
2. Declaration of Independence 3. Sending Benjamin Franklin to France for Treaty of Paris 4. Set up Continental Congress led by George Washington |
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What power did the central government NOT have under the Articles of Confederation?
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no power to regulate commerce or impose taxes
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What was ‘Shay’s Rebellion’ about? What was the result of Shay’s Rebellion?
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a rebellion by debtor farmers in western Massachusetts, led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays, against Boston creditors. it began in 1786 and lasted half a year, threatening the economic interests of the business elite and contributing to the demise of the Articles of Confederation.
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Where did the Constitutional Convention meet? Who was the Chairman?
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Philadelphia; George Washington
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When was the Constitution a) drafted, and b) ratified?
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1787;1789
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Explain the 3/5th Compromise?
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population in south would be determined by "free persons" + 3/5 of all blacks, south get more representation in congress and pay fewer taxes
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What was the goal of the Federalist Papers?
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to help speed up ratification in New York and gain popular support of the Constitution
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Who wrote the Federalist Papers?
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Hamilton, Madison, John Jay
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Who insisted on a series of amendments to guard individual rights (Bill of Rights)?
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Anti-Feds; Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee
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Who was the ‘Father of the Constitution’?
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Thomas Jefferson
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What was the ‘Connecticut Compromise’?
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Ending weeks of stalemate, the Connecticut Compromise reconciled the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan for determining legislative representation in Congress. The Connecticut Compromise established equal representation for all states in the Senate and proportional representation by population in the House of Representatives. 1. Congress split into 2 houses, Senate will have 2 representatives from each state 3. house of reps. based on population
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13. Which state was the 1st to ratify the Constitution? The last?
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Delaware, Road Island
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What are the 3 branches of government?
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Executive, Legislative, Judicial
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What state was GW from? What is the name of his estate?
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VA; Mt. Vernon
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Identify Alexander Hamilton’s economic program. Evaluate its success.
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1.bank, congress was to assume all state debts using bonds, ensured debts were paid, established a federal line of credit. 2. The Bank: Fed. government manufactures: plan for protecting the U.S. infant industries.
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Who was Washington’s Vice President? Secretary of State?
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John Adams, Thomas Jefferson
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What 2 political parties emerged during Washington’s first term?
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Federalists and Democratic-Republicans
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Who was our 2nd President? 2nd Vice-President?
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John Adams; Thomas Jefferson
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What foreign relations problems did Washington face? How were they resolved?
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1.Attacking over ships and kidnaping sailors
2. did not leave trading posts 3. influenced Indians to attack the U.S. Resolved by Jay's Treaty, agreed to leave trading posts. |
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What were the Alien and Sedition Acts? What impact did they have on President Adam’s administration?
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Alien: gave the president the power to deport any aliens, which was deemed dangerous without due process. Sedition: not allowed to say anything negative about the government, but violates the 1st amendment.
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In what year was Thomas Jefferson elected President? Which state was he from? Estate?
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1800, Monticello
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What were President Jefferson’s two greatest accomplishments as President?
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Louisiana Purchase, Hiring Lewis & Clark
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What was the purpose of the Lewis & Clark expedition (Corps of Discovery).
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To study Indians, rocks, plants, and animals
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What role did Sacajawea play?
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interpretor for Lewis & Clark, would not have been successful w/o her
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How much $ did the United States pay for the Louisiana Territory? Year?
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$15 million, 1803
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Who did we buy the Louisiana Territory from?
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Napoleon
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Analyze Jefferson’s decision to purchase the Louisiana Territory & explain its impact on the United States.
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He was worried about traveling freely through New Orleans because land was getting sold around. He expanded the country vastly and immigrants were in favor, but Feds feared that immigrants would favor it too much and all new states would by DR and Feds would go extinct.
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What were the causes and consequences of the War of 1812.
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1. interfering with shipping
2. impressment of sailors 3. War Hawks wanted more land 4. more national pride (star-spangled banner) |
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In what year did the British burn Washington, D.C.? Why did they burn it?
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1814; Because we burned their capital (parliament) in Canada.
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Why was Baltimore the next target?
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Privateers were allowed to attack by U.S. government.
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What was the key to the defense of Baltimore?
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Fort McHenry
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Why was the Battle of Baltimore so critical for the Americans?
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Independence was on the line
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Who became the ‘Hero’ of the Battle of New Orleans?
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Andrew Jackson
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What was the result of the War of 1812?
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U.S. won, but neither side gained nor lost territory. National pride discovered
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What was the Rush-Bagot Agreement?
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agreement not to keep warships on the great lakes, and Canada and US have longest undefended border
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Identify the issues in the debate over statehood for MO and cite the provisions of The Missouri Compromise?
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11 free and 11 slave states. MO was a slave state, and it would break the tie giving the South more power in Congress.
1. MO added as slave state 2. Maine added as a free state 3. Slavery was banned north and west of boundary in MO |
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Explain the Monroe Doctrine?
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1. U.S. would not get involved in European politics
2. Europe would not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. |
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How much did we pay for Florida? Year?
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$5 million
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Explain the ‘Corrupt Bargain’.
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During the election of 1824 John Quincy Adams won. Rotation in office corrupted government due to appointments based on political loyalty, rather than competency. It was believed that Henry Clay, the speaker of the house, convinced Congress to elect Adams, who then made Clay his Secretary of State. Jackson denounced the outcome as a “corrupt bargain’ that had stolen the office.
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What 2 political parties were created as a result of the election of 1824?
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National Republicans led by Adams and Clay. Democratic-Republicans led by Jackson.
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In what year was Andrew Jackson elected President?
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1828
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Explain the ‘Spoils System’.
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Anyone who supported Jackson was given a government job. His supports were spoiled and not qualified. This is the practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government.
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Explain Andrew Jackson’s ‘Indian Policy’
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moved all Indians to OK, 94 Indian treaties were signed, others fought
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Which Indian tribe challenged Jackson’s Indian policy in the U.S. Supreme Court?
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Cherokee Indians
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What was the ruling of the Court?
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Ruled for the Indians, but it was ignored
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What was the ‘Trail of Tears’?
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The trial the Indians took toward OK territory; 4,000 died
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When was the Railroad Boom?
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1830
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Why did the Irish immigrate to America during the 1830’s & 1840’s?
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potato famine resulting in half a million immigrating
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When and why did Americans migrate to TX (Mexico)?
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Stephen F. Austin in 1821 got a land grant and brought Americans into Texas at 12 ½ cents per acre, which was really cheap. The 2 terms were: the settlers had to convert to Catholicism and become Mexican citizens.
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Why did the Texans want independence from Mexico? Year?
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Mexico abolished slavery, and this outraged Texans. Texas gained its independence after the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836.
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Why do we ‘Remember the Alamo’?
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Because fewer than 200 Texans made a heroic but unsuccessful stand against 3,000 Mexicans under General Santa Ana. The mentality was victory or die trying. These were courageous men because they knew there was a good chance of dying. Eventually, the Mexicans took the Alamo from all sides, and killed everyone.
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Who led the Texans against General Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto?
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Sam Houston(who became president of the lone star state , they confronted the Mexican army at the Battle of San Jacinto in 1836, and Santa Ana gives Texas independence.
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What was the result of the Battle of San Jacinto?
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Texas’ independence from Mexico.
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When did TX enter the Union? Why did it take so long?
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Dec 29, 1845 Texas entered the Union. Texas was a slave state and adding Texas to the Union would disrupt the balance of power in Congress giving the South more power. Texas was an independent union for 9 years before entering the Union.
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What were the causes and consequences of the War with Mexico?
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Mexico thought the U.S. had taken Mexican land, and wanted war. Due to a border dispute, President Polk sent troops to the Rio Grande River. Since Mexico on April 24, 1846 invaded the U.S. and a Mexican cavalry ambushed a U.S. cavalry unit on the north side of the river, and 11 Americans were killed and 63 captured; Polk used this as an act for the declaration of war. The public reacted with great encouragement to the war, and the Americans ended the war by capturing the capital city in 1846, and signing the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The U.S. gained California and New Mexico, and the recognition that the Rio Grande as the southern boundary of Texas.
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What price was paid to Mexico for the land between TX and CA?
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$15 million
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Harriet Tubman
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Underground Railroad: over 300 slaves to freedom
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Frederick Douglas
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was an African-American social reformer, orator, writer and statesman. After escaping from slavery, he became a leader of the abolitionist movement, gaining note for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writing. He stood as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves did not have the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens. Many Northerners also found it hard to believe that such a great orator had been a slave.
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Susan B. Anthony
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dedicated her life to woman suffrage. Ignoring opposition and abuse, Anthony traveled, lectured, and canvassed across the nation for the vote. She also campaigned for the abolition of slavery, the right for women to own their own property and retain their earnings, and she advocated for women's labor organizations. In 1900, Anthony persuaded the University of Rochester to admit women.
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When was the ‘gold rush’ in CA?
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Gold was discovered in California at Sutter’s Mill in 1848. As a result, thousands of people went west, and these people were known as the 49ers. By 1848, the population of California was 80,000 and California applied to join the union.
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What issue surrounded California’s application for admission to the Union?
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At the time there were 30 states in the Union, 15 free and 15 slave states, and admitting California would break the tie. This would give the abolitionists more power in government, which the south was not going to give.
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What were the five parts of the ‘Compromise of 1850’?
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1) California was to be admitted as a free state (for the North)
2) Fugitive Slave Act- would protect the rights of owners to recapture their slaves who had escaped to the north (for the South) 3) The slave trade would be abolished in DC (for the North) 4) Slavery was protected in DC (for the South) 5) Popular Sovereignty- the rest of the land taken from Mexico, the decision regarding slavery would be decided in the future by the people that settled there. (none) |
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Explain the ‘Fugitive Slave Act’.
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This provided that state and city authorities, and even citizens, could assist in the capture and return of runaways slaves. In response, state after state in the north passed Personal Liberty Laws forbidding state officials or private citizens from assisting federal courts in enforcing the law. By 1861, the Underground Railroad helped 75,000 slaves escape to freedom.
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What was the issue surrounding the formation of the KS & NE territories?
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President Franklin Pierce wanted to pass the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. This provided for a Kansas Territory and a Nebraska Territory. To pass Congress, the bill would require the vote of the south, which would not be possible if the land was forever closed to slavery (as provided by the Missouri Compromise of 1820). The solution was Stephen A. Douglas devised a plan to replace the MO Compromise of 1820 with the Compromise of 1850 and the question of slavery would be left up to popular sovereignty.
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Why was the ruling in the Dred Scott case significant?
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The decision meant that citizens could not be deprived of their slaves in free territories. Dred Scott was a slave who was taken from MO to IL and then MN by his master in 1834. With both IL and MN prohibiting slavery, when he returned to MO he and his wife sued for their freedom. The decision was 7 to 2 against Scott, and the nation moved closer to war.
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Who was the Republican candidate for President in 1860?
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Abraham Lincoln, and he was the unopposed winner because a sectional strife rose to such a pitch that the Democratic Party split into northern and southern wings, each nominating its own candidate to president.
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What did the Republican Party stand for in 1860?
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Stopping expansion of slavery in the new territories.
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Years of the Civil War
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1861-1865
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President of the United States and Confederate States during the Civil War
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Abraham Lincoln president for the United States in 1860, and elected in. Jefferson Davis was the president for the Confederate States in 1862.
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Capitals during the Civil War
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The Union capital was Washington DC. The Confederate capital was Richmond, Virginia
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Where did the Civil War begin?
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Fort Sumter
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Lincoln's first reason for fighting the war? Second?
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Preserving the Union; Slavery-via Emancipation Proclamation
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1st major battle of the Civil War? Where? Who won?
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1st Battle of Bull Run or Manassas; VA; Confederate
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Explain the ‘Conda’ plan? Who created it?
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to blockade southern ports to prevent supplies from arriving; General Winfield Scott
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Shiloh
Where? Who Won? Significance? |
TN, union, Grant realized the war would not be won in a single battle
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Antietam
Where? Who Won? Significance? |
MD, no winner, outside forces would not come in to help Confederates; single most bloodiest day of the war.
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Gettysburg
Where? Who Won? Significance? |
PA, Union, turning point of war for Union
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Vicksburg
Where? Who Won? Significance? |
MI, Union, Confederate forces surrender
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March to Atlanta / to the Sea!
Where? Who Won? Significance? |
GA, Union, huge path of destruction crumpling pride of southern confederacy
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Emancipation Proclamation: significance / year
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new reason for war to devote more people by making it a bigger issue; 1862
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Gettysburg Address: year / message!
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1863; finish war so soldiers don't die in vain
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Robert E. Lee
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Main Confederate hero
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Ulysses S. Grant
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Shiloh, Vicksburg, accepted Lee's challenges
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George Gordon Meade
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Union; Gettysburg
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William T. Sherman
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March of Atlanta...to sea
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Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson
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Bull Run; lead confederates to victory
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