Urban Geog

Front 1

Cities and Urban Areas

Back 1

-Aggregated settlement of relatively high population size and density

-Internally structured

-50,000 or more people

Front 2

Megacities

Back 2

Over 10 million people

Front 3

Functions of Cities

Back 3

Wholesale, retail, and other professional services

Economic hub

Front 4

U.s. Census Definition of Urban Area

Back 4

A continuously built up urban landscape defined by building and population densities with no reference to the political boundaries of the city; it may contain a certain city and many contiguous towns, suburbs, and unincorporated areas.

Front 5

U.S. census definition of Core Based Statistical Areas

Back 5

-County or counties plus adjacent/outlying counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration with the central county

-Functionally connected to a certain area i.e. commuting flows, shopping, or economic conurbation

-fused urban centers

Ex. the bay area

Front 6

Megalopolis

Back 6

Large heavily populated area or urban complex

Front 7

Historical Origins of Urban areas

Back 7

-Agriculture began urbanization with the cultivation of constant food supplies at a fixed location

-Accumulation of material artifacts and possessions

-Stratified societies

-Control of water for irrigation

-The ability to access, store, and move water.

Front 8

Worldwide Urbanization Trend

Back 8

-The population of people in the world that are living in urban areas is growing

-Developed countries are most urbanized

-Developing countries are urbanizing at a faster rate

Front 9

Todays largest cities

Back 9

Tokyo, Delhi, Soa Paulo, Mumbai, Mexico City, New York, Shanghai, Kolkata, Dhaka, Karachi

Front 10

Rank-size rule

Back 10

A cities population = 1/nth of the largest cities population where N is the rank of the cities population

Front 11

Primate Cities

Back 11

One very dominant city within a country

Front 12

Christaller's Central Place tTheory

Back 12

-Order of commodities, and thus of central places.

-Different commodities have different ranges

-Different commodities have different thresholds of market areas

Front 13

Commodity Range (CPT)

Back 13

Distance people are willing to travel for a certain commodity

Front 14

Commodity Threshold

Back 14

The minimum area or population required to support it.

Front 15

Settlements (Central places)

Back 15

Places begin as settlements and as they grow economically settlements may come together and urbanize

Front 16

Hinterlands

Back 16

The rural market area or region served by an urban center

Front 17

Market area tessellation

Back 17

Regular markets are polygons

Front 18

Regular market area polygons

Back 18

There is a central area that is the larges and then central places that offer fewer goods around the perimeter then there are c areas that are more closely spaces and therefore are smaller and have many of the sam goods as the other areas but with less selection.

Front 19

Hierarchical Nesting of Central Places

Back 19

-Central places have more money

-Orders of central places and their commodities

-A ranking of cities based on their size and functional property

Front 20

Effect of Accessibility and Land Value on the Internal Structure of Cities

Back 20

Mose accessible locations demand high rent

Front 21

Intensive and Extensive Land Use

Back 21

Areas in the core of the city are used more intensively while areas farther out are used extensively.

Front 22

Central Business District

Back 22

The nucleus or downtown of a city. Where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated, mass transit systems converge, and land values and building densities are high.

Front 23

Distance Decay

Back 23

The declining intensity of any spatial interaction with increasing distance from its point of origin.

Front 24

Cost of Land & Population Density

Back 24

-Most accessible locations demand highest rent

-Distance decay of land rent from center

-Commercial band

-Intensive residential

-Residential

-Agriculture

-Low population at the center

Front 25

Pattern of Population Density in cities

Back 25

-The population goes up in old crowded housing, 2 miles from the central business district

-Its a curve with the lowest population the farthest from cities in the suburbs

-As you move out there are more densely populated areas towards the center

-Population goes down toward residential and suburban areas

Front 26

Modal Ring Shift

Back 26

Happens when one mode (ex road) has an advantage in a market over another mode. People will shift from using one mode to another.

Front 27

Urban Land-use/Social Demographic patterns

Back 27

Mass transit, accessibility, a competitive market, and innumerable individual residential, commercial, and industrial location areas. The result is a high density city with a single dominant center and sharp break at the boundary between urban and non urban uses

Front 28

Concentric Zone Model

Back 28

-Central business district, wholesale light manufacturing, low-class, medium class, high class, heavy manufacturing

Front 29

Sector Model

Back 29

In sectors (wedges) rather than rings with low class being close to the Central business district and manufacturing while high class areas are surrounded by other residential areas and has one connection to the business district.

Front 30

Multiple Nuclei Model

Back 30

In separate nuclei, most like modern cities, high class areas further out from the center and not connected to or near manufacturing.

Front 31

Urban Realms Model

Back 31

A spatial generalization of the large, late twentieth century city in the US. It is shown to be widely dispersed, multi-centered metropolis consisting of increasingly independent zones or realms, each focused on its own suburban downtown; the only exception is the shrunken central realm, which is focused on the central business district.

Front 32

Suburbanization

Back 32

Movement from the center

Front 33

Problems of Suburbanization

Back 33

Cars and the east of transit made it easier for people to work in the city but still live in suburbs

Front 34

Role of Transit in Suburbanization

Back 34

Cars and the ease of transit made it easier for people to live in the city but still live in suburbs

Front 35

Reasons for Post WWII Increase in US suburbanization

Back 35

Ascendency of the automobile, reduction of work week, flight of industry to cheaper periphery, government sponsored housing loans, baby boom, new values and attitudes.

Front 36

Gentrification

Back 36

A counter suburbanization trend

The process of renewal of rebuilding, it accompanies an influx of affluent people into deteriorating areas

Front 37

Demographic inversion

Back 37

A counter suburbanization trend

An increase in movement by middle and upper class back into the city center.

Front 38

Edge Cities

Back 38

Suburbs that have become their own cities, no longer just bedroom communities, New CBD's form urban realms, cities become polynucleated centers organized around freeway networks, continued decline and decay of the original CBD; continues decentralization of employment

Front 39

Exurbia

Back 39

-Distant or isolated suburbs

Front 40

Slums

Back 40

A densley populated usually urban area marked by crowding, dirty run-down housing, poverty, and social disorganization

Front 41

UN definition of SLum

Back 41

inadequate access to safe water

Inadequate access to sanitation and infrastructure

Poor structural quality of housing

Overcrowding

Insecure residential status