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81 Cards in this Set
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Personality
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An individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.
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Free Association
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In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
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Unconscious
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According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing which we are unaware.
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Id
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A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
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Ego
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The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
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Superego
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The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
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Psychosexual Stages
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The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the ids pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
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Oedipus Complex
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According to Freud, a boys sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
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Identification
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The process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
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Fixation
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A lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.
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Defense Mechanisms
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In psychoanalytic theory, the egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
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Repression
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In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banished anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness.
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Regression
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Psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.
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Reaction Formation
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Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.
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Projection
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Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
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Rationalization
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Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of he real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.
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Displacement
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Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person ,as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.
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Sublimation
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Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities.
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Denial
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Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.
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Collective Unconscious
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Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.
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Who developed the first intelligence test design to predict the school performance of students
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Binet
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Help school children, education
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Research on the Myers-Briggs type indicator suggests that it may have limited value as a predictor of future job performance such criticisms question this assessments
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Validity
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What the three intelligences describes by Sternberg?
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Analytical, creative and practical.
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In national surveys, most business executives say they are more ethical than their average counterpart. This best illustrates
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Self-serving bias
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What famous psychologist heppled to develop tests to give to army recruit and immigrants. He supported the eugentics movement.
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Terman
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A bell shaped curve that characterizes a large sample of inte;intelligence test scores is a graphic representation of
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Normal distribution
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What is a condition in which a person of limited mental ability has extraordinary quirks
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savant syndrome
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mentally not there, l
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You give a child a marshmallow and tell him that he can either have it now or he can wait until you return form a n errand and then he can have two. A child who waits until you return to receive two marshmallows is likely to score high on what type of intelligence test?
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Emotional Intelligence
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Twin and adoption studies are helpful for assessing the ___ of intelligence
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Heritability
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Which theorist emphasized that an individuals personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic?
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Carl Rogers
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Characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives are called...
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traits
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Wat is the term that means the process of defining meaningful scores relative to a pretested group?
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Standardization
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If a test yields dependably consistent results, that test would be considered...
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Reliable
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According to Freud, what stage do we develop gender identity?
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Phallic
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Freud suggested that a mans inablilty to remember his childhood Opeidpus complex is due to what defense mechanism?
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Repression
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Who developed the theory of multiple intelligences?
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Gardner
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NAme 4 of Gardner's Miltiple intelligence
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Logical, mathmatical, interpersonal, naturalist, musical,
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Which perspective on human personality emphasizes reciprocal determinism?
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Social cognitive
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teh defense mechanism by which people disguise threatneing impules by attributing them to other people
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orijection
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According to Freud what part of consciousness does the process of identification happen?
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Superego
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What is Speamans concept of g?
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subject general intelligent that underlies all other factors.
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What is the formula for calculation IQ
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Mental Age/Chronological Age X 100
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To identify a relatively small number of the most basic personality traits, trait theorists have used..
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Factor Analysis
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The Roschach and TAT are what kinds of personality tests
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Projective Tests
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Projective Test
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A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of ones inner dynamics.
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
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The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
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Terror-management Theory
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A theory of death-related anxiety; explores peoples emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.
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Self-Actualization
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According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill ones potential.
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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According to Rodgers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.
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Self-Concept
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All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
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Personality Inventory
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A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes
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Empirically Derived Test
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A test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.
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Social-Cognitive Perspective
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Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between peoples traits and their social context.
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Reciprocal Determinism
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The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.
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Personal Control
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The extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless.
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External Locus of Control
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The perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
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Internal Locus of Control
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The perception that you control your own fate.
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Positive Psychology
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The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
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Self
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In temporary psychology assumed to be the center of personality the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.
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Spotlight Effect
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Overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders.
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Self-Esteem
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Ones feelings of high or low self-worth.
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Self-serving Bias
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A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.
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Individualism
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Giving priority to one's won goals over group goals and defining ones identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
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Collectivism
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Giving priority to the goals of ones group and defining ones identity accordingly.
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What do we call the ability to control impulses and delay gratification?
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Self-control
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Albert Bandura proposed the social cognitive perspective which...
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emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations.
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People given little control over their world in prisons, factories, schools and nursing homes experience...
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self-actualization
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According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms buries threatening or upsetting events outside of consciousness?
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repression
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Athletes who often privately credit their victories to their own prowess, and their losses to bad breaks, lousy officiating, or the other team's exceptional performance are exhibiting...
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the self-serving bias
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What did Abraham Maslow call the process of fulfilling our potential?
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self-actualization
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Our____ consists of all the thoughts and feelings we have in response to the question, "Who am I?"
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self-concept
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Sigmund Freud called his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques..
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Psychoanalysis
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Questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors designed to assess several traits at once are called...
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personality inventories
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Collectivist cultures are characterized by members..
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giving priority to group goals
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Critics of humanistic psychology have suggested that this theory fails to appreciate the reality of our human capacity for...
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evil
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Our self-focused perspective may motivate us, but it can also lead us to presume too readily that others are noticing and evaluating us. This is called...
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the spotlight effect
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Brad Bushman and Roy Baumeister found that when criticized, people with unrealistically high self-esteem..
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became exceptionally aggressive
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According to Carl Rogers, when we are in a good marriage, a close family, or an intimate friendship, we are free to be spontaneous without fearing the loss of others esteem. He called the accepting attitude that enables this freedom..
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unconditional positive regard
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Children's TV-viewing habits influence their viewing preferences which influence how television affects their current behavior. This is an example of reciprocal determinism
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reciprocal determinism
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