Tkt Glossary

Front 1

1. A _____ is another word for a story.

2. To tell a story or talk about something that has happened.

Back 1

Narrative / Narrate

Hint 1

Teachers often narrate stories to young learners.

Front 2

A sound produced by air passing through the nose.

Back 2

Nasal Sound

Hint 2

/ ng / , / m /

Front 3

Someone who has spoken a particular language since they were a baby, rather than having learnt it as a child oradult.

Back 3

Native speaker

Hint 3

Mother tongue

Front 4

Some people believe there is an order in which learners naturally learn some items in their first or other languages. Some language items are learned before others and it can be difficult for teachers to influence this order.

Back 4

Natural order

Front 5

The language, language skills or learning strategies a learner still has to learn in order to reach their goals, or the conditions they need to help them learn.

Back 5

Needs

Front 6

To discuss with someone to reach an agreement.

Back 6

Negotiate

Hint 6

If you help me now, I’ll help you next week.

Front 7

A style of speaking or writing that is neither formal nor informal, but in between. It is appropriate for most situations.

Back 7

Neutral

Hint 7

See formal language, informal language.

Front 8

To choose and name one learner to speak or do a particular task.

Back 8

Nominate

Front 9

A part of the verb which does not show time or person.

Back 9

Non-finite verb

Hint 9

e.g. the infinitive (He needed to have a holiday), the present participle (Not understanding the question, he gave the wrong answer)

Front 10

To take notes means to listen and write down ideas from the text in short form.

Back 10

Note-taking (noun)

Take notes (verb)

Front 11

When a learner becomes aware of the language the speaker or writer uses to express a particular concept or meaning.

Back 11

Notice language

Front 12

A person, place or thing.

Back 12

Noun

Hint 12

e.g. elephant, girl, grass, school.

Front 13

A _______ is a noun that refers to a group of people or things.

Back 13

collective noun

Hint 13

e.g. the police, the government.

Front 14

A _____ is a noun that is not the name of a particular person, place or thing.

Back 14

common noun

Hint 14

e.g. table, book.

Front 15

A _____ is a combination of two or more words, which are used as a single word.

Back 15

compound noun

Hint 15

e.g. a flower shop, a headache.

Front 16

A _____ has a singular and plural form.

Back 16

countable noun

Hint 16

e.g. book > books.

Front 17

A _____ is more than one person, place or thing and can be regular or irregular.

Back 17

plural noun

Hint 17

e.g. boys, women.

Front 18

A _____ is the name of a person or place.

Back 18

proper noun

Hint 18

e.g. Robert, London.

Front 19

An _____ does not have a plural form.

Back 19

uncountable noun

Hint 19

e.g. information.

Front 20

A single word or a group of words that act as the subject, object or complement in a sentence or utterance. It usually contains a noun and words occurring before or after the noun that modify it,

Back 20

Noun phrase

Hint 20

e.g. in the sentence ‘The tall shy-looking girl on the right is my sister.’ the words in bold make up noun phrases.

Front 21

This is a noun or phrase that describes the thing or person that is affected by the action of a verb.

Back 21

Object

Hint 21

e.g. I saw Mary in the classroom.

Front 22

A _____ is the main object of a transitive verb.

Back 22

direct object

Front 23

An _____ is an object affected by a verb but not directly acted on.

Back 23

indirect object

Hint 23

e.g. He gave the book to me. In this sentence, the book is the direct object and me is an indirect object.

Front 24

_____ are specific learning targets that help achieve a lesson’s aims.

Back 24

Lesson objectives

Hint 24

e.g. Learners will be able to understand the gist of the text.

Front 25

A lesson that is watched by a teacher trainer or a colleague.

Back 25

Observed lesson

Front 26

When learners are distracted or not completing an activity in the way the teacher wants them to do it then they are _____.

Back 26

off task

Front 27

When learners are doing an activity in the way the teacher intended that it should be done then learners are _____.

Back 27

on task

Front 28

A teaching situation which involves only one teacher and one learner.

Back 28

One-to-one

Front 29

When the teacher leads the class and each learner is focusing on the teacher, rather than working alone or in groups. When learners respond, they do so in front of everyone in the class.

Back 29

Open class, whole class

Front 30

A question which can lead to a long response.

Back 30

Open question

Hint 30

e.g. How did you spend last weekend? Why do you think many people prefer to drive rather than use public transport?

Front 31

_____ are a task-type in which learners read or listen to a text and answer questions (using their own words).

Back 31

Open comprehension questions

Front 32

A task or question that does not have a right or wrong answer, but which allows learners to offer their own opinions and ideas or to respond creatively.

Back 32

Open-ended (task, questions)

Hint 32

e.g. Why do you think the writer likes living in Paris?

Front 33

A test of speaking ability.

Back 33

Oral test

Front 34

The art of making objects for decoration by folding sheets of paper into shapes.

Back 34

Origami

Front 35

Result. This is what the teacher hopes will be the result in terms of learning at the end of the lesson.

Back 35

Outcome

Front 36

When a learner uses a grammatical rule s/he has learned, but uses it in situations when it is not needed orappropriate.

Back 36

Over-application of the rule, over generalisation

Hint 36

e.g. a learner says, There were three girls (correct plural form used for most nouns) and two mans. (incorrect plural form – not appropriate for man).

Front 37

A piece of equipment that makes images appear on a wall or screen. It can be used in a classroom instead of awhiteboard or blackboard.

Back 37

Overhead projector (OHP)

Front 38

The plastic sheet a teacher can write on and use with an overhead projector (OHP).

Back 38

Overhead transparency (OHT)

Front 39

The speed of the lesson. A teacher can vary the _____ in a lesson by planning different activities in order to keep thelearners’ attention.

Back 39

Pace

Front 40

When learners in the class do pairwork with the person sitting next to them but not in front ofthe class.

Back 40

Closed pairs

Front 41

In _____, one pair does a pairwork activity in front of the class. This technique is useful forshowing how to do an activity and/or for focusing on accuracy.

Back 41

Open pairs

Front 42

The _____ is the roof of the mouth. Sounds can be produced on the hard _____ or the soft _____ (velum).

Back 42

Palate / palatal

Front 43

A _____ is a section in a longer piece of writing such as an essay. It starts on a new line and usually contains asingle new idea. When a writer is paragraphing, s/he is creating _____.

Back 43

Paragraph (noun & verb)

Front 44

The repetition of grammatical structures within a text.

Back 44

Parallelism

Hint 44

e.g. ‘Enjoy the ride; Have a great time’ (imperative + object).

Front 45

To say or write something that has been read or heard using different words. _____ can also be used todescribe what a learner does if s/he is not sure of the exact language they need to use.

Back 45

Paraphrase (noun & verb)

Hint 45

i.e. explain their meaning using different language.

Front 46

A way of categorising words according to their grammatical function and meaning.

Back 46

Part of speech

Hint 46

e.g. noun, verb, adjective, pronoun, adverb, preposition, conjunction.

Front 47

To take part in something, e.g. a lesson or classroom activity.

Back 47

Participation / participate

Front 48

–ed and –ing forms of the verb, they are often used to make tenses or adjectives.

Back 48

Participle (past and present)

Hint 48

e.g. I’m going home. (present participle); I haven’t seen him today. (past participle)

Front 49

A small grammatical word, often an adverb or preposition which does not change its form when used in a sentence.

Back 49

Particle

Hint 49

e.g. after is a particle in the phrasal verb look after.

Front 50

When learners want to be taught and to acquire language without making their own decisions about their needs andlearning, they are taking a _____.

Back 50

passive role

Front 51

In a passive sentence, something is done to or happens to the subject of the sentence.

Back 51

Passive voice

Hint 51

e.g. They were taken to the airport by taxi.

Front 52

– the person speaking, e.g. I, we.

Back 52

First person

Front 53

– the person spoken to, e.g. you.

Back 53

Second person

Front 54

– the person spoken about, e.g. he, she, they.

Back 54

Third person

Front 55

When a teacher helps a learner to connect new words, topics, texts or grammar to their own life.

Back 55

Personalisation / personalise

Front 56

The smallest sound unit which can make a difference to meaning e.g. /p/ in pan, /b/ in ban. They have their ownsymbols (phonemic symbols), each of which represents one sound. Words can be presented in phonemic script(usually International Phonetic Alphabet or IPA).

Back 56

Phoneme

Front 57

A poster or large diagram of the phonemic symbols arranged in a particular order.

Back 57

Phonemic chart

Front 58

The study of sounds in a language or languages.

Back 58

Phonology / phonological

Front 59

A group of words which are often a part of a sentence rather than the whole sentence, e.g. the green car, on Fridaymorning are phrases. Also a group of words that together have a particular meaning.

Back 59

Phrase

Front 60

To learn language without studying it, just by hearing and/or reading and then using it.

Back 60

Pick up (language)

Front 61

A classroom activity where the teacher describes a scene or an object and learners draw what they hear.

Back 61

Picture dictation

Front 62

Stories that are shown in pictures instead of words.

Back 62

Picture stories

Front 63

A _____ is a circle divided into sections in order to show how something is divided into different amounts. They areused to help learners remember new information by making thinking visual.

Back 63

Pie chart

Hint 63

Front 64

Part of a lesson when teachers discuss ideas with the whole class. It is often held at the end of a lessonwhen teachers assess learning against the learning outcomes by providing opportunities to review what has beenlearnt.

Back 64

Plenary

Front 65

A sound produced by blocking air then releasing it suddenly. This creates a popping sound e.g. / p / , / t / , / g /.

Back 65

PlosiveSound

Front 66

A collection of work that a learner uses to show what he/she has done during a particular course. A purposefuldocument, regularly added to that may be part of continuous assessment.

Back 66

Portfolio

Front 67

Ways of showing or asking who something belongs to, e.g. ‘Whose book is it?’ ‘It’s Sue’s’.

Back 67

Possessive ‘s’ and whose

Front 68

A computer programme which is used during presentations to show pieces of text, diagrams, drawings, movies, orother objects.

Back 68

PowerPoint

Front 69

When learners use the target language repeatedly and productively in situations in which they have little or nochoice of what language they use. The teacher and learners focus on accurate use of the target language.

Back 69

Controlled practice / restricted practice

Front 70

When learners use the target language but have more choice of what they say and what language they use.

Back 70

Less controlled / freer practice / free practice