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217 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the length of the adult thyroid? What is the AP measurement & Width? |
Length: 4-6 cm AP: 1.3-1.8 cm Width: 2.0 cm |
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What’s the measurement of the isthmus AP? |
4-6 mm |
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What is the measurement of a newborn / child’s thyroid? Length, AP, and Width? |
2-3 cm Length 0.2-1.2 cm AP 1.0- 1.5 cm Width |
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The thyroid gland is know as endocrine or exocrine gland? |
Endocrine gland |
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What is the thyroid gland made up of? |
2 lateral lobes and a connecting portion: Isthmus |
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What are the significant hormones in the thyroid? |
Thyroxine, calcitonin, Triiodothyronine |
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What hormone affects the body metabolism, growth, development? |
Calcitonin |
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Compare the size of a lateral lobe of a thin, tall patient to a short, obese pt? |
Thin/ tall: 7-8 cm Sagittal plane. Short/ obese: < 5 cm (oval like) |
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True or False: The right and left lobe of the thyroid are the same size. |
False, the right is slightly larger than the left. |
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What’s the thyroid volume? Does it remain the same size, increase, decrease. Why? |
18.6 volume. Increase with age and body habitus with pt living in iodine deficiency who have acute hepatitis, chronic renal failure. Decreased thyroid volume if pt has chronic hepatitis or has been treated with thyroxine or with radioactive iodine. |
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What’s the thyroid volume? Does it remain the same size. Why? |
18.6 volume. Increase with age and body habitus with pt living in iodine deficiency who have acute hepatitis, chronic renal failure. Decreased thyroid volume if pt has chronic hepatitis or has been treated with thyroxine or with radioactive iodine. |
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How to obtain the volume for the thyroid? |
L x W x thickness x 0.5 for each lobe. The mean per lobe is 8.91mL. |
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What covers the thyroid gland? |
2 thin layers of connective tissue; first layer surrounds the gland, pretrachial fascia or false thyroid capsule. Second layer- true thyroid capsule, adherent to the gland surface. |
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The thyroid parenchyma is composed of? |
Follicles, connective tissue, stroma, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics |
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Thyroid regulates? |
Metabolism, major role in growth and development, controls function like: memory, weight loss, heart rate, cholesterol levels, energy levels, storage, secretion of thyroid hormones. |
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Thyroid regulates? |
Metabolism, major role in growth and development, controls function like: memory, weight loss, heart rate, cholesterol levels, energy levels, storage, secretion of thyroid hormones. |
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What regulates the triiodothyronine, thyroxine and calcitonin? |
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland. |
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TSH is secreted by? Thyroid secretion is primarily controlled by? |
Anterior pituitary gland Thyroid stimulating hormone. |
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What’s the primary hormone that is secretes by the thyroid? By how much? |
Thyroxine; 90% |
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What’s the primary hormone that is secretes by the thyroid? By how much? |
Thyroxine; 90% |
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This hormone is secretes by parafollicular cells (C cells)? |
Calcitonin |
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What’s calcitonin primary function? |
Decrease blood calcium levels, prevent hypercalcemia. |
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What’s calcitonin primary function? |
Decrease blood calcium levels, prevent hypercalcemia. |
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Majority of patients with Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma, what hormone is elevated? |
Plasma Calcitonin elevated. |
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What’s calcitonin primary function? |
Decrease blood calcium levels, prevent hypercalcemia. |
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Majority of patients with Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma, what hormone is elevated? |
Plasma Calcitonin elevated. |
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When thyroid hormone is needed, what is secreted? It’s assisted by? |
TSH or Thyrotropin (Anterior pituitary gland assist by secreting these hormones) |
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Who regulates the secretion of TSH? produced by? |
Thyrotropin-releasing factor. Hypothalamus |
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Thyrotropin-releasing factor is controlled by? |
controlled by Basal metabolic rate. |
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What does is mean if there is a low concentration of a thyroid hormone? What does it cause? |
Decrease in basal metabolic rate. Causes an increase in Thyrotropin - releasing factor and causes increase in TSH. |
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What happens if there is a low concentration of a thyroid hormone? What does it cause? |
Decrease in nasal metabolic rate. Causes an increase in Thyrotropin - releasing factor and causes increase in TSH. |
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Once the blood levels of hormones return to normal, what happens? |
The basal metabolic rate stabilizes and TSH secretion stops |
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Thyrotropin is controlled by? |
Thyrotropin releasing factor is controlled by Basal metabolic rate. |
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What does is mean if there is a low concentration of a thyroid hormone? What does it cause? |
Decrease in Basal metabolic rate. Causes an increase in Thyrotropin - releasing factor and causes increase in TSH. |
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Once the blood levels of hormones return to normal, what happens? |
The basal metabolic rate stabilizes and TSH secretion stops |
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Is the thyroid vascularized? |
Highly. |
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Thyrotropin is controlled by? |
Thyrotropin releasing factor is controlled by Basal metabolic rate. |
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What does is mean if there is a low concentration of a thyroid hormone? What does it cause? |
Decrease in nasal metabolic rate. Causes an increase in Thyrotropin - releasing factor and causes increase in TSH. |
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Once the blood levels of hormones return to normal, what happens? |
The basal metabolic rate stabilizes and TSH secretion stops |
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Is the thyroid vascularized? |
Highly. |
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Where are thyroid vessels seen best? |
Upper and lower poles of the gland |
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Thyrotropin is controlled by? |
Thyrotropin releasing factor is controlled by Basal metabolic rate. |
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What does is mean if there is a low concentration of a thyroid hormone? What does it cause? |
Decrease in nasal metabolic rate. Causes an increase in Thyrotropin - releasing factor and causes increase in TSH. |
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Once the blood levels of hormones return to normal, what happens? |
The basal metabolic rate stabilizes and TSH secretion stops |
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Is the thyroid vascularized? |
Highly. |
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Where are thyroid vessels seen best? |
Upper and lower poles of the gland |
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What is the first branch of the external carotid artery? |
Superior thyroid artery |
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Thyrotropin is controlled by? |
Thyrotropin releasing factor is controlled by Basal metabolic rate. |
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What does is mean if there is a low concentration of a thyroid hormone? What does it cause? |
Decrease in nasal metabolic rate. Causes an increase in Thyrotropin - releasing factor and causes increase in TSH. |
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Once the blood levels of hormones return to normal, what happens? |
The basal metabolic rate stabilizes and TSH secretion stops |
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Is the thyroid vascularized? |
Highly. |
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Where are thyroid vessels seen best? |
Upper and lower poles of the gland |
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What is the first branch of the external carotid artery? |
Superior thyroid artery |
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What vessel supplies the lower half of the thyroid? |
Inferior thyroid artery |
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Thyrotropin is controlled by? |
Thyrotropin releasing factor is controlled by Basal metabolic rate. |
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What does is mean if there is a low concentration of a thyroid hormone? What does it cause? |
Decrease in nasal metabolic rate. Causes an increase in Thyrotropin - releasing factor and causes increase in TSH. |
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Once the blood levels of hormones return to normal, what happens? |
The basal metabolic rate stabilizes and TSH secretion stops |
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Is the thyroid vascularized? |
Highly. |
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Where are thyroid vessels seen best? |
Upper and lower poles of the gland |
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What is the first branch of the external carotid artery? |
Superior thyroid artery |
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What vessel supplies the lower half of the thyroid? |
Inferior thyroid artery |
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What is the largest branch of the thyrocervical trunk, comes off the subclavian artery? |
Inferior thyroid artery |
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What is the normal peak systolic velocities for major thyroid arteries? Intraparenchymal arteries PS velocities? |
Range between 20-40 cm/ s. Range between 15-30 cm/s. |
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Where does the superior thyroid veins drain? |
Into the internal jugular vein. |
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What vessels empty into the IJV? |
Superior thyroid veins |
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Inferior thyroid veins drain into? |
Right and left innominate veins |
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Middle thyroid empties? |
Into the lower half of the internal jugular vein. |
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Measurement of major arteries? Measurement of Thyroid veins? Measurement of lower or inferior veins? |
Mean diameter: between 1-2 mm. Thyroid veins: measure approx 1-2 mm diameter Lower or inferior veins: 7-8 mm diameter. |
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Sono appearance of branches of superior thyroid and inferior thyroid arteries and veins? |
Anechoic structures with bright, thin walls. |
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What structure is triangular shaped? |
Longus Collis muscle (LCM). |
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What structure is triangular shaped? |
Longus Collis muscle (LCM). |
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This structure is midline, left of it. Peristaltic movement when pt swallows, what’s the structure? |
Esophagus |
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What structure is triangular shaped? |
Longus Collis muscle (LCM). |
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This structure is midline, left of it. Peristaltic movement when pt swallows, what’s the structure? |
Esophagus |
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What structure is between the CCA and IJV? It’s circular, anechoic, dark gray structure) |
Vagus nerve |
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What structure is triangular shaped? |
Longus Collis muscle (LCM). |
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This structure is midline, left of it. Peristaltic movement when pt swallows, what’s the structure? |
Esophagus |
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What structure is between the CCA and IJV? It’s circular, anechoic, dark gray structure) |
Vagus nerve |
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What is a normal variant that mimics intrathyroidal and extrathyroidal pathology. Mistaken for small nodules? |
Superior and inferior thyroid arteries and veins. |
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Their primary function is to decrease blood calcium levels to prevent hypercalcemia? |
Calcitonin hormone |
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Benign tumor of the parathyroid glands. Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. |
Parathyroid adenoma |
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This is a pouch that protrudes outward in a weak portion of the esophageal lining. |
Esophageal diverticulum |
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This is a pouch that protrudes outward in a weak portion of the esophageal lining. |
Esophageal diverticulum |
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What are the types of esophageal diverticulum? |
Killian-Jamieson diverticulum: protrudes anterior and laterally at cervical esophagus. Zenker’s Diverticulum (pharyngeal pouch): posterior and midline, in the back of the throat just above the esophagus. |
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Sono appearance, microcalcification in a lymph node. Pt is over 45. This develops in only one lobe of the thyroid gland typically. |
Papillary carcinoma |
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This is a normal variant. Present is 10-40% population. Extends cephalad from isthmus and ascends as far as to the hyoid bone. May extend from the right or left side of the isthmus; rises from frequently on the left. |
Pyramidal lobe (Accessory Lobe) |
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List the normal variants: no details necessary |
Absent isthmus Absent lateral lobes Asymmetry is different. Rt lobe can be twice as large than the left. Esophageal diverticulums Pyramidal lobe (Accessory Lobe) Parathyroid Adenoma |
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Sono appearance: These are small, oval structure, encapsulated. They are attached to the posterior surface of lateral lobes of thyroid gland. Can you see them regularly? Why? Most people have how many? |
Parathyroid glands. No, if visualized something is abnormal. Most people have 4 symmetric parathyroid glands |
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What secretes to maintain homeostasis of serum calcium and phosphorus levels? |
Parathyroid hormone |
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Superior parathyroid gland and inferior parathyroid gland develop from? |
Super parathyroid gland: develop from fourth branchial pouch Inferior parathyroid gland: develop from the third branchial pouch |
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Minor neurovascular bundle measures? |
5 mm diameter |
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Parathyroid gland measure length, width, thickness? |
Length- 5-7 mm Width: 3-4 mm Thickness: 1-2 mm |
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This is composed of chief cells with oxyphil cells arranged in a columnar fashion. |
Parathyroid gland |
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What’s the color of parathyroid gland? |
Adult: light yellow Young patient: reddish or light brown |
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There primary function is to maintain homeostasis of blood calcium concentration by promoting calcium absorption into the blood, preventing hypocalcemia. If serum levels are low, what happens? |
Parathyroid hormone PTH increases by releasing calcium from the bone, increases calcium absorption in the gut and decreases renal calcium by decreasing renal phosphate excretion. |
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What is the parathyroid hormone blood supply? Where does the venous drainage go to? |
Superior and inferior parathyroid glands are supplied by separate small branches of superior and inferior thyroid arteries. Into the thyroid plexus of the veins |
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What is the parathyroid hormone blood supply? Where does the venous drainage go to? |
Superior and inferior parathyroid glands are supplied by separate small branches of superior and inferior thyroid arteries. Into the thyroid plexus of the veins |
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No color void areas represent? Hypervascularized represent? |
Cystic Adenoma |
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Sono appearance of parathyroid Adenoma? Thyroid nodule sono appearance? |
Homogenous, oval, bean shaped, hypoechoic relative to normal thyroid gland. Heterogenous, they don’t demonstrate this tissue plane of separation. |
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If a patient has enlarged parathyroid glands, normal versus abnormal? What are the percentages of # of lobes? |
Abnormal; assess the size and document number visualized. Most people have 4 (80%). 13-15% have more than 5 parathyroidal glands. 5% have 3 glands only. |
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If a patient has enlarged parathyroid glands, what to do? |
Abnormal; assess the size and document number visualized. Most people have 4 (80%). 13-15% have more than 5 parathyroidal glands. 5% have 3 glands only. |
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Where are the ectopic parathyroid gland locations? |
Thymus or Perithymic tissue: 10% Intrathyroidal: 1% Carotid Bifurcation and sheath: 1% Retroesophageal space (1-3%) |
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Excessive secretion of PTH by parathyroid glands in response to hypocalcemia with an association of hypertrophy of parathyroid glands. |
Secondary hyperparathyroidism |
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What is the most common clinical situation for parathyroid imaging? |
Hypercalcemia; serum levels > 10.5 mg/ dL |
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What is the most common clinical situation for parathyroid imaging? |
Hypercalcemia; serum levels > 10.5 mg/ dL |
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This patient has solitary parathyroid Adenoma (80-90% of cases) by multiple glands (10-20%) and parathyroid cancer in less than 1%. What’s this finding? |
Primary hyperparathyroidism |
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What is primary hyperparathyroidism? |
Usually caused by a tumor within the parathyroid gland. Symptoms of condition is related to elevated calcium levels, can cause digestive sx, kidney stones. |
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What cells make up the thyroid gland? |
Parafollicular cells and follicular cells |
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What cells make up the majority of thyroid tissue? These cells secrete calcitonin? These cells require an adequate supply of iodine in order to produce T3 and T4. |
Follicular cells. Parafollicular cells (C cells) Follicular cells. |
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What cells make up the majority of thyroid tissue? These cells secrete calcitonin? These cells require an adequate supply of iodine in order to produce T3 and T4. |
Follicular cells. Parafollicular cells (C cells) Follicular cells. |
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Anterior surface of the thyroid gland are what muscle? |
Strap muscles: Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid, and Omohyoid. |
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What cells make up the majority of thyroid tissue? These cells secrete calcitonin? These cells require an adequate supply of iodine in order to produce T3 and T4. |
Follicular cells. Parafollicular cells (C cells) Follicular cells. |
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Anterior surface of the thyroid gland are what muscle? |
Strap muscles: Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid, and Omohyoid. |
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What is anterior lateral to the strap muscles? |
Sternocleidomastoid muscle |
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Posterior border adjacent to the thyroid tissue? |
Superior and inferior parathyroid glands |
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What is posterior and lateral to each thyroid lobe along the anterior surface of the cervical vertebrae? |
Longus colli muscle |
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What is it called when the thyroid is producing the correct amount of thyroid hormones? |
Euthyroid |
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What is the most common thyroid disorder? |
Hypothyroidism: thyroid hormones haven’t secreted enough. |
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What is the most common thyroid disorder? |
Hypothyroidism: thyroid hormones haven’t secreted enough. |
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75% of hypothyroidism is cause my chronic inflammatory process? |
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis |
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This occurs when the entire gland is not functioning properly. Usually from diffuse enlargement or localized nodule or adenoma. |
Hyperthyroidism |
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This occurs when the entire gland is not functioning properly. Usually from diffuse enlargement or localized nodule or adenoma. |
Hyperthyroidism |
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This is an diffuse enlargement or localized nodule or adenoma causing overproduction of thyroid hormones called? |
Graves Disease |
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What’s the most common lab test to eval thyroid function? What lab test will indicate thyroid function and may be the first to elevate as an indication of hypothyroidism? |
Thyroxine (T4) The TSH (Serum Thyrotropin) |
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Low TSH and elevated T3 and T4 indicate? If TSH, T3, and T4 are all low indicates? |
Hyperthyroidism Indicate pituitary dysfunction or pituitary mass from secondary hypothyroidism |
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What lab test is a tumor marker for medullary carcinoma? |
Calcitonin will be elevated |
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What lab test is a tumor marker for medullary carcinoma? |
Calcitonin will be elevated |
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In a thyroid scan for nuclear medicine: there are high and low concentrated amount of radioactivity. High concentration versus low concentration means? What is the most common concentration finding? |
High concentration is considered “hot.” These are benign. Low concentration is considered “cold.” These are malignant. Majority of nodules in the thyroid scan are demonstrated as cold nodules (80-85%). The remaining are hot nodules (15-20%). Only 10-15% of cold nodules are shown malignant with an FNA biopsy. |
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Most commonly, ectopic tissue may be present posterior to?? |
Tongue (sublingual or lingual thyroid) |
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Approx 80% of nodular thyroid disease is due to? |
Hyperplasia or compensatory hypertrophy forming micronodules and macronudules of the gland |
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Most benign nodules are classified as? |
Hyperplastic, adenomatous, colloid type nodules. |
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What type is finding is relative to low levels of iodine in the soil, food, and water. |
Endemic goiter |
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In areas that do not have a deficit of iodine, most cases of thyroid disease are? |
Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis |
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This is a condition that nodular enlargement causes hyperactivity of the thyroid gland and hyperthyroidism. |
Toxic goiter |
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Occurs when Nodular enlargement is not associated with thyroid dysfunction (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism) |
Simple goiter (nontoxic) |
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This is a benign, thyroid neoplasm. 7 times more common in females than males. |
Follicular adenoma |
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With the presence of multiple nodules, what does this mean in regards to malignancy. |
The risk of it being malignant decreases. Solitary is worrisome |
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With the presence of multiple nodules, what does this mean? |
The risk of it being malignant decreases. Solitary is worrisome |
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What is the most common of the thyroid malignancies? |
Papillary carcinoma: 70% of all thyroid cancers. If found early, excellent prognosis. |
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With the presence of multiple nodules, what does this mean? |
The risk of it being malignant decreases. Solitary is worrisome |
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What is the most common of the thyroid malignancies? |
Papillary carcinoma: 70% of all thyroid cancers. If found early, excellent prognosis. |
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What is the second most common type malignancies? |
Follicular Carcinoma |
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With the presence of multiple nodules, what does this mean? |
The risk of it being malignant decreases. Solitary is worrisome |
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What is the most common of the thyroid malignancies? |
Papillary carcinoma: 70% of all thyroid cancers. If found early, excellent prognosis. |
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What is the second most common type malignancies? |
Follicular Carcinoma |
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This thyroid cancer affects females 3 times more often than males. Between 40 - 60. Not associated with prior neck and upper chest radiation. Some are encapsulated others are not encapsulated. Usually a solitary mass, thick irregular halo, torturous internal blood vessels with increased vascularity with color or power Doppler. |
Follicular carcinoma |
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With the presence of multiple nodules, what does this mean? |
The risk of it being malignant decreases. Solitary is worrisome |
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What is the most common of the thyroid malignancies? |
Papillary carcinoma: 70% of all thyroid cancers. If found early, excellent prognosis. |
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What is the second most common type malignancies? |
Follicular Carcinoma |
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This thyroid cancer affects females 3 times more often than males. Between 40 - 60. Not associated with prior neck and upper chest radiation. |
Follicular carcinoma |
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Follicular carcinoma has just one type? This cancer spreads how? Is it aggressive? |
2 types: minimally invasive (well encapsulated) or widely invasive (not encapsulated). Through bloodstream rather than lymphatic system with mets to bone, lung, brain, and liver. More aggressive than papillary cancer |
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Follicular carcinoma looks similar to follicular adenoma, but how to differentiate? |
Malignancy has thick irregular halo and torturous internal blood vessels with increased vascularity with color or power Doppler. |
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Follicular carcinoma looks similar to follicular adenoma, but how to differentiate? |
Malignancy has thick irregular halo and torturous internal blood vessels with increased vascularity with color or power Doppler. |
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This cancer derives from parafollicular or C cells that secrete calcitonin? |
Medullary carcinoma; not associate to prior neck or upper chest radiation. Slightly higher female to male ratio. |
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MEN 2 syndrome is hereditary condition associated with? Prognosis? |
3 primary types of endocrine rumors: medullary thyroid tumor, parathyroid tumor, adrenal medullary tumor Prognosis: worse, higher incidence of metastatic involvement of the cervical lymph and liver metastasis. |
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Rare, most deadly thyroid cancer. Associated w papillary and follicular carcinoma. 2 times more common in men, occurs after 60. Might be seen after exposure to radiation to neck and upper chest. 90% cervical involvement. |
Anaplastic carcinoma |
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This affects females 4 times more than men. Most cases, patient has preexisting (Hashimoto’a disease) or overt hypothyroidism. Prognosis is good if found early, if not poor. |
Lymphoma. (PRIMARILY Non Hodgkins type). |
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Sono appearance: large, non vascular, hypoechoic, lobulated solid mass. Adjacent thyroid parenchyma may be heterogenous. |
Lymphoma |
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Sono appearance: large, non vascular, hypoechoic, lobulated solid mass. Adjacent thyroid parenchyma may be heterogenous. |
Lymphoma |
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In the thyroid gland this cancer is not usually found. When found its usually from melanoma, breast, or renal cell carcinoma. |
Thyroid Metastasis |
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Sono appearance: large, non vascular, hypoechoic, lobulated solid mass. Adjacent thyroid parenchyma may be heterogenous. |
Lymphoma |
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In the thyroid gland this cancer is not usually found. When found its usually from melanoma, breast, or renal cell carcinoma. |
Thyroid Metastasis |
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Diffuse enlargements of the thyroid gland include? |
Graves’ disease, Thyroiditis, colloid, or adenomatous goiter. |
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This is an autoimmune disorder and the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. |
Grave’s Disease |
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Triad of clinical findings: hyper metabolism, diffuse toxic goiter, exophthalmos. What’s this finding? |
Graves’ disease |
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Overactivity of Graves’ disease demonstrates? |
Increased vascularity on color Doppler. (thyroid inferno.) May show PS velocity > 70 cm/ s |
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Inflammation of thyroid gland, such as bacteria or viral infection, post partum, drug induced,...Whats this finding? |
Thyroiditis |
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Inflammation of thyroid gland, such as bacteria or viral infection, post partum, drug induced,...Whats this finding? |
Thyroiditis |
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There are types of Thyroiditis, name them. |
3 types. Acute suppurative Thyroiditis, subacute granulomatous Thyroiditis (de Quervain’s Disease) and chronic lymphocytic Thyroiditis (Hashimoto Disease) |
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Inflammation of thyroid gland, such as bacteria or viral infection, post partum, drug induced,...Whats this finding? |
Thyroiditis |
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There are types of Thyroiditis, name them. |
3 types. Acute suppurative Thyroiditis, subacute granulomatous Thyroiditis (de Quervain’s Disease) and chronic lymphocytic Thyroiditis (Hashimoto Disease) |
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What’s the most common form of Thyroiditis? |
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. Painless, diffusely enlarged gland, seen in young or middle aged. |
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Hashimoto’s sono appearance? |
Heterogenous gland enlarged with micronodulation with ill defined hypoechoic areas. |
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Hashimoto’s sono appearance? |
Heterogenous gland enlarged with micronodulation with ill defined hypoechoic areas. |
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Ectopic locations of parathyroid glands are? |
Retrotracheal, intrathyroidal, and along the carotid sheath. |
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Hashimoto’s sono appearance? |
Heterogenous gland enlarged with micronodulation with ill defined hypoechoic areas. |
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Ectopic locations of parathyroid glands are? |
Retrotracheal, intrathyroidal, and along the carotid sheath. |
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These are considered calcium sensing organs of the body? |
Parathyroid glands |
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Hashimoto’s sono appearance? |
Heterogenous gland enlarged with micronodulation with ill defined hypoechoic areas. |
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Ectopic locations of parathyroid glands are? |
Retrotracheal, intrathyroidal, and along the carotid sheath. |
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These are considered calcium sensing organs of the body? |
Parathyroid glands |
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What produces parathyroid hormone? |
Parathyroid glands; to control the serum calcium concentration. When serum calcium decreases, the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release PTH. When the serum calcium level increase the PTH level decreases. |
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Hashimoto’s sono appearance? |
Heterogenous gland enlarged with micronodulation with ill defined hypoechoic areas. |
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Ectopic locations of parathyroid glands are? |
Retrotracheal, intrathyroidal, and along the carotid sheath. |
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These are considered calcium sensing organs of the body? |
Parathyroid glands |
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What produces parathyroid hormone? |
Parathyroid glands; to control the serum calcium concentration. When serum calcium decreases, the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release PTH. When the serum calcium level increase the PTH level decreases. |
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Elevated serum calcium levels associate with? |
Chronic renal failure, vit D deficiency. Could lead to renal stones, ulcers, pancreatitis, loss of bone calcium. |
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The minor neurovascular bundle includes? To differ from a parathyroid gland? |
Inferior thyroid artery and recurrent laryngeal nerve Sag plane, color Or power Doppler to identify to bundles tubular appearance of vascular flow. |
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The minor neurovascular bundle includes? To differ from a parathyroid gland? |
Inferior thyroid artery and recurrent laryngeal nerve Sag plane, color Or power Doppler to identify to bundles tubular appearance of vascular flow. |
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This is caused by an increased function of the parathyroid gland. Seen in patients after 40 years old. Affect women 2-3 time more than men. Abnormal secretion of PTH. Signals more calcium to be realease into the blood. Finding? |
Primary Hyperparathyroidism. |
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The minor neurovascular bundle includes? To differ from a parathyroid gland? |
Inferior thyroid artery and recurrent laryngeal nerve Sag plane, color Or power Doppler to identify to bundles tubular appearance of vascular flow. |
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This is caused by an increased function of the parathyroid gland. Seen in patients after 40 years old. Affect women 2-3 time more than men. Abnormal secretion of PTH. Signals more calcium to be real ease into the blood. Finding? |
Primary Hyperparathyroidism. |
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Benign, solid most common mass in the parathyroid? Sono appearance? |
Adenoma (Parathyroid Adenoma). Exact cause unknown. Oval, solitary, hypoechoic, homogenous, usually solid, could involve 1 or 4 parathyroid glands to hypertrophy. |
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The minor neurovascular bundle includes? To differ from a parathyroid gland? |
Inferior thyroid artery and recurrent laryngeal nerve Sag plane, color Or power Doppler to identify to bundles tubular appearance of vascular flow. |
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This is caused by an increased function of the parathyroid gland. Seen in patients after 40 years old. Affect women 2-3 time more than men. Abnormal secretion of PTH. Signals more calcium to be real ease into the blood. Finding? |
Primary Hyperparathyroidism. |
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Benign, solid most common mass in the parathyroid? Sono appearance? |
Adenoma (Parathyroid Adenoma). Exact cause unknown. Oval, solitary, hypoechoic, homogenous, usually solid, could involve 1 or 4 parathyroid glands to hypertrophy. |
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Superior PTA are located? Inferior PTA located? Diff from lymph node? |
posterior to the thyroid but at the superior to mid level of the thyroid. Extend inferiority from the lower pole of thyroid to the sternal notch. Peripheral vascularity arc pattern with color or power Doppler. Lymph node has a central hilum flow. |
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Enlargement and hyperfunction of the parathyroid gland with no apparent cause. |
Parathyroid Hyperplasia. 1 gland enlarged only to all enlarged |
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This cancer is seen equally in men and female. Most are small and irregular but they enlarge and get firm or hard masses. They tend to have high serum calcium levels. |
Parathyroid carcinoma |
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This cancer is seen equally in men and female. Most are small and irregular but they enlarge and get firm or hard masses. They tend to have high serum calcium levels. |
Parathyroid carcinoma |
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If the serum PTH level is elevated due to chronic hypocalcemia. Finding is? |
Secondary hyperparathyroidism. May see enlargement of all 4 parathyroid glands. |
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What is the most common congenital cystic anomaly? Located where? |
Thyroglossal duct cyst. Midline of the neck anterior to the trachea or within 2 cm of the midline. (70%). |
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What is the most common congenital cystic anomaly? Located where? |
Thyroglossal duct cyst. Midline of the neck anterior to the trachea or within 2 cm of the midline. (70%). |
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Sono appearance: often oval or spherical in shape, located midline. Can be complex cystic and hardly ever larger than 2 or 3 cm. |
Thyroglossal duct cyst |
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What is the most common congenital cystic anomaly? Located where? |
Thyroglossal duct cyst. Midline of the neck anterior to the trachea or within 2 cm of the midline. (70%). |
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Sono appearance: often oval or spherical in shape, located midline. Can be complex cystic and hardly ever larger than 2 or 3 cm. |
Thyroglossal duct cyst |
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Congenital cystic mass that is located lateral portion of the neck? |
Branchial cleft cyst |
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Sono appearance is complex, cystic mass with low level echogenicity and irregular walls. Presence of air within and ring down artifact or shadowing. Finding? |
Abscess |
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This is localized or generalize enlargement of the lymph node. |
Lymphadenopathy. |
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This is localized or generalize enlargement of the lymph node. |
Lymphadenopathy. |
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Why can a lymph node become prominent? When evaluating postthyroidectomy patients, what are we evaluating for? |
Reactive hyperplasia, neoplasm, metastasis, inflamed. Evaluating for cervical lymphadenopathy |
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Sono appearance of a lymph node normal. |
Homogenous, oval, thin outer cortex, echogenic central hilum. Size doesn’t exceed 1 cm. |
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Sono appearance of a lymph node normal. |
Homogenous, oval, think outer cortex, echogenic central hilum. Size doesn’t exceed 1 cm. |
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Sono appearance for lymphadenopathy? (Cervical lymphadenopathy) |
Rounded shape, more lobulated shape, loss of echogenic hilum, Cortex thickened, irregular borders, increased vascularity or avascularity to lymph node. Sometimes calcifications are in it and even more complex cystic. |
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Sono appearance of a lymph node normal. |
Homogenous, oval, thin outer cortex, echogenic central hilum. Size doesn’t exceed 1 cm. |
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Sono appearance for lymphadenopathy? (Cervical lymphadenopathy) |
Rounded shape, more lobulated shape, loss of echogenic hilum, Cortex thickened, irregular borders, increased vascularity or avascularity to lymph node. Sometimes calcifications are in it and even more complex cystic. |
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Suspicion for malignant nodules are? |
Solid mass, hypoechoic with irregular margins, taller than wide. Microcalficiations and increased vascularity notes with color Doppler with more disorganized internal flow pattern. |
