Thyroid Hormones

Front 1

What do thyroid hormones effect?

Back 1

metabolism, cardiac function, growth, and development

Front 2

What can a deficiency in thyroid hormones cause in development in children?

Back 2

Can produce short stature and permanent mental impairment

Front 3

What are two hormones produced by the thyroid?

Back 3

Thyroxine - T4 and Tiiodothyronine - T3

Front 4

What are some s/s of hypothyroidism?

Back 4

dry skin, cold intolerance, lethargy, depression, and weight gain

Front 5

What are some s/s of hyperthyroidism?

Back 5

exophthalmos, thin hair, intolerance to heat, nervousness, and tachcardia or tachydysrhythmias

Front 6

What are the three actions by the thyroid?

Back 6

Stimulation of energy use
Stimulation of heart
promotion of growth and development

Front 7

At what age can hypothyroidism occur?

Back 7

at any age

Front 8

What is a severe deficiency called in someone with hypothyroidism?

Back 8

myxedema

Front 9

In an adult the cause of hypothyroidism is usually _____ to thyroid malfunction.

Back 9

Secondary

Front 10

What can hypothyroidism be caused by?

Back 10

iodine deficiency, surgical removal, or destruction from radioactive iodine

Front 11

Treatment for hypothyroidism is ________ for T4 and ______ and ______ for T3.

Back 11

Levothyroxine
Levothyroxine and liothyronine

Front 12

What suppress TSH?

Back 12

T3 and T4

Front 13

What causes hyperthyroidism?

Back 13

Grave's disease and toxic nodular goiter

Front 14

Hyperthyroidism is most frequently in?

Back 14

women 20-40 years old.

Front 15

What in the incidence in females to males?

Back 15

6X greater

Front 16

What is the treatment of Graves?

Back 16

Surgical removal of thyroid tissue
Suppression of thyroid hormone synthesis
Destruction of thyroid tissue w/ radioactive iodine

Front 17

What are the four synthetic preparation of T4?

Back 17

Levthroid
levoxyl
synthroid
unithroid

Front 18

Half life of T4 is_____ and is highly _______ bound.

Back 18

7 days; protein

Front 19

IV doses are about ______ of oral doses (T4)?

Back 19

80%

Front 20

Most cases of PUD are caused by?

Back 20

an infection with Helicobacter pylori

Front 21

How is peptic ulcer disease caused by? what is damaged?

Back 21

gastric acid irritation...damages the mucosal surface

Front 22

What are aggravating factors of PUD?

Back 22

agents that interfere with prostaglandin synthesis in the stomach

Front 23

What are some other causes of PUD?

Back 23

NSAIDS

Front 24

How can NSAIDS cause PUD?

Back 24

they inhibit the biosynthesis of prostaglandins

Front 25

What is absolutely required for ulcer formation?

Back 25

Gastric acid

Front 26

All persons with a non-drug induced peptic ulcer should be treated with?

Back 26

antibacterials and proton pump inhibitors to eradicate H. pylori

Front 27

What is the goal of treatment related to PUD?

Back 27

alleviate symptoms, promote healing, and prevent recurrence

Front 28

The 5 major groups of medications are?

Back 28

Antibiotics, antisecretory, mucosal protectants, antisecretory agents that enhance mucosal defenses, antacids

Front 29

What do histamine 2-receptor antagonist do?

Back 29

Suppress secretion of gastric acid.

Front 30

How do histamine 2-receptor antagonist block suppression of secretion of gastric acid?

Back 30

block histamine from stimulating the acid-secreting parietal cells of the stomach

Front 31

What are some histamine 2-receptor antagonists drugs?

Back 31

Cimetidine (Tagamet)
Famotidine (Pepcid)
Nizatidine (Axid)
Ranitidine (Zantac)

Front 32

What are histamine 2-receptor antagonists therapeutic uses?

Back 32

PUD, GERD, and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

Front 33

What is exophthalmos?

Back 33

bulging eyes

Front 34

What is the most effective drugs for suppressing secretion of gastric acid?

Back 34

Proton Pump Inhibitors

Front 35

What do Proton pump inhibitors do?

Back 35

causes irreversible inhibition of H+, K+, ATPase. It blocks the final pathway of gastric acid production

Front 36

What are proton pump inhibitor drugs?

Back 36

Omeprazole (Prilosec)
Esomprazole (nexium)
Lansoprazole (Precacid)
Pantoprazole (Protonix)

Front 37

What are PPI therapeutic uses for?

Back 37

PUD, GERD, and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

Front 38

What are adverse effects of PPIs?

Back 38

HA, diarrhea, n/v, longterm risk of CA carcinoid tumors in rats (not humans yet)

Front 39

How does antiulcer medications work?

Back 39

creates a protective barrier against acid and pepsin

Front 40

Antiulcer drugs has ____ _____ capacity and (does/does not) decrease acid secretion.

Back 40

NO acid-neutralizing; does NOT

Front 41

What is the Antiulcer drug?

Back 41

Sucralfate (Carafate)

Front 42

What % of antiulcer drugs is eliminated in feces?

Back 42

90%

Front 43

What is the adverse effect of antiulcer drugs?

Back 43

constipation occurs in 2%

Front 44

What is an Antisecretory agent drug?

Back 44

Misoprostol (Cytotec)

Front 45

How do antisecretory agents prevent NSAID induced ulcers?

Back 45

By serving as a replacement for endogenous prostaglandin

Front 46

What does an antisecretory agent do?

Back 46

It is an analog of prostanglin E1

Front 47

What are the adverse effects of antisecretory agents?

Back 47

Dose related diarrhea 13-40%
Abdominal pain 7-20%
Some women experience spotting and dysmenorrhea

Front 48

Why would you give someone antiemetic drugs?

Back 48

to suppress n/v

Front 49

What is the most effective against n/v caused by chemotherapy?

Back 49

Serontonin Receptor Antagonists

Front 50

How does Serontonin Receptor antagonists work?

Back 50

Blocks serotonin 5-HT3 receptors located in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and on afferent vagal neurons in the upper GI tract

Front 51

What does CTZ stand for?

Back 51

chemoreceptor trigger zone

Front 52

What are the Serontonin Receptor Antagonist drugs?

Back 52

Ondanestron (Zofran)
Granistron (Kytril)
Doasetron (Anzemet)

Front 53

How do Dopamine antagonists work?

Back 53

Suppress emesis by blocking dopamine 2 receptors in CTZ

Front 54

All dopamine antagonists can cause ____?

Back 54

EPS (extra pyramidal syndrome)

Front 55

What does Metoclopramide (Reglan), a dopamine antagonist, do?

Back 55

increases gastric motility

Front 56

Metoclopramide (Reglan) enhances the actions of _____? Which is a ______ agent

Back 56

acetylcholine, a prokinetic agent

Front 57

What are the three dopamine antagonist drugs?

Back 57

Metoclopramide (Reglan)
Phenothizines: Prochlorperazine (Compazine)
Butyrophenones: Droperidol (Inapsine)

Front 58

When would you use a prokinetic agent?

Back 58

when you need to move gastric acid

Front 59

What do you give someone who gets EPS (extra pyramidal syndrome) from a dopamine antagonists?

Back 59

Benadryle