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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Deductive reasoning |
Going from general to the specific |
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Inductive reasoning |
Going from the specific to the general |
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What do people sometime confuse theory with? |
Philosophy, speculation, hypothesis, or taxonomy |
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Epistemology |
The branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of knowledge |
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Theory |
A set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses. |
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6 criteria for a useful theory |
Generates research, is falsifiable, organizes data, guides action, is internally consistent, and is parsimonious. |
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Descriptive research |
Concerned with the measurement, labeling, and catagorization of the units employed in theory building |
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Hypotheses testing |
Leads to an indirect verification of the usefullness of the theory. |
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Causality |
People behave the way they do because of what happened to them in the past |
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Teleology |
Behavior is explained by future goals or purposes |
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Determinism vs free choice |
Are peoples behaviors determined by forces over which they have no control? Or can people choose to be what they wish to be? |
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Pessimism vs optimism |
Are people doomed to be miserable and can they change and choose to be happy? |
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Conscious vs unconscious determinants of behavior |
Are people mostly creatures of biology, or are their personalities shaped largely by their social relationships? |
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Uniqueness vs similarities |
Is the salient feature of people their individuality, or is it their common characteristics? |
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A blank is one the defines units in terms of observable events or behaviors that can be measured |
Operational definition |
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Reliability - as it pertains to personality assessments |
The extent to which the test yields consistent results |
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Validity |
The degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure |
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What two types of validity are psychologists primarily concerned with? |
Construct validity and predictive validity |
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Hypothetical constructs |
Such as extraversion and intelligence that have no physical existence but should relate to observable behavior. |
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Three types of construct validity |
Convergent validity, divergent validity, and discriminant validity |
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Convergent construct validity |
To the extent that scores on that instrument correlate highly with scores with a variety of valid measures of that same construct. Such as an extraverion test correlating highly with another measure of extraverion such as socialbility |
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Discriminent construct validity |
Discriminates between two groups known to be different. So a personality test measuring extraversion should yield higher scores for people known to be extraverted than for people known to be introverted. |
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Predictive validity |
The extent that a test predicts some future behavior |
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Catharsis |
The process of removing or lessening psychological disorders by talking about ones problems - Freud learned this from josef breuer while he was a medical student. |
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What happened while Freud was using catharsis? |
He gradually discovered the free association technique, which replaced hypnosis as his principle theraputic technique |
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What significant revisions did freud make to his theory after world war 1? |
The elevation of agression equal to a level of sexual drive, the inclusion of repression as one of the defenses of the ego, and his attempt to clarify the female oedipus complex. |
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Moralistic principle |
A subsystem of the superego that tells people what they should not do |
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Idealistic principle |
A subsystem of the superego that tells people what they should do |
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Conscience (Freud) |
The part of the superego that through experience with punishment tells a person what is wrong or improper conduct |
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Ego-ideal |
Results from experiences with rewards and tells us what we should do |
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A well developed super-ego does what |
Acts to control sexual and aggresive impulses through the process of repression. |
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Primary narcissism |
An infants investment of libido in its own ego; self-love or autoerotic behavior of the infant |
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Secondary narcissism |
Self-love or autoerotic behavior in an adolescent |
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Aim-inhibited |
Sexual love for siblings and parents being repressed |
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What are the defense mechanisms of the ego? |
Repression, reaction formation, displacement, fixation, regression, projection, introjection, sublimation |
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Manifest dream content |
The surface or conscious level of a dream. Freud believed that the manifest level of a dream has no deep psychological significance and that the unconscious or latent level holds the key to the dream's true meaning. |
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How is unconscious psychic material disguised to enter into dreams? |
Through condensation or displacement |
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What is condensation? |
The unconscious material has been condensed or distilled to enter into the dream-the full depth remains in the unconscious or latent level |
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What is displacement? |
When the images of our unconscious are replaced by images that represent our unconscious material but the real images aren't disclosed. |
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What two methods did freud use to interpret dreams and study the unconscious? |
Associations and symbols |
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Transference |
Strong sexual or aggressive feelings, positive or negative, that patients develop towards their analyst during treatment. The way they used to feel about their parents. |
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Positive transference |
Permits patients to more or less relive childhood experiences within the nonthreatening climate of the analytic treatment. |
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What does Freud believe motivates people? |
Aggression and sex |
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What does Adler believe motivates people? |
Social influences and striving for superiority or success |
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Creative power |
People's ability to freely shape their behavior and create their own personality |
