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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Theory
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a set of interconnected statements or propositions that explain how two or more events or factors are related to one another.
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Scientific Theory
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logically sound, empirically verifiable
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Inductive theory
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theory developed after systematic observation
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Deductive theory
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developed and tested through empirical
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Parsimony
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simplicity of its structure, few assumptions, few explanations, considered superior
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Scope
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sometimes called pervasiveness, the range of phenomena that a theory can explain
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Accuracy
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extent to which the theory matches empirical reality, allows us to make correct predictions about the occurrence of the phenomenon in question.
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Social Sciences Level of accuracy?
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seldom approaches the level of accuracy of the those developed in these other fields
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Scientific predictions derived from theories are
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probabilistic - not absolute, observe a general pattern
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Paradigms
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school of thought within a discipline, is always influenced by researchers values, research must remain objective during the data analysis
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Paradigm provides the scientist with a model for (List 3)
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choosing the problems to be analyzed, the methods for analyzing them, the theoretical framework for explaining them
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Scientific Revolution
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inadequate paradigm is replaced, promotes advancements in a discipline
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Three paradigms in criminology
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Classical, Positivist, Marxist/Radical
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Classical Theory
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Beccaria - On Crimes and Punishment, Model for penal reform, Punishment is Deterrence
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Successful Punishment includes:
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Swift, Certain, Proportionate , Appropriate
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Punishment should be appropriate to the "seriousness" of the crime. List three categories of seriousness:
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crimes against state and representatives, injure security/property of individuals, disrupt public peace
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Beccaria opposed the death penalty because?
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no deterrent effect, leaves no permanent impression on them
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Bentham and Becarria's work was referred to as:
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"administrative and legal criminology"
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Neo-Classical Theory
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Revision of classical theory to include mitigating factors
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Rational choice theory
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Crime Specific, different crimes - meet different needs - in different offenders
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Choice structuring
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offender characteristics, combined with offense characteristics, shape criminal decisions
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Types of criminal decisions:
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Involvement decisions - multistage, made over extended period of time, Event decisions - made quickly
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Positive Theory
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Positivists assume determinism - offender's choices are limited
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Marxist Social Theory
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law as well as crime reflect the economy of society. "A society organized into social classes is inherently unequal", Marxist theory "sees criminal behavior as a rational response to dehumanizing conditions."
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Three ways Marx and Engels viewed crime
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Lumpenproletariat -"dangerous class",
Primitive rebellion thesis - crime is a form of revolt against ruling class/capitalist system, Demoralization - living as a "have-not" in the capitalist system |
