Crime And Diveristy

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Looking after kids

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90% of women look after kids when father is in prison, but 25% stay with father when mum is in prison

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58%

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Women sentenced to less than 6 months in prison in 2022 (PRT)

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Total prison population women

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5%

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Offences seen in court are generally

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Less severe

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60%

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Of women are homeless post prison

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Most common offence group for women in 2019

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Tv license evasion

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Offence groups where women represent largely

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Fraud 33%, theft 21% (2019)

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The number of in prison is

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Projected to rise by 30% by 2025 due to various factors, despite a fall in previous years. This is contrary to the aims of the Female Offender Strategy by the MOJ in 2018

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Female Offender Strategy MOJ 2019

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Less women in custody, less in the CJS, more support within the community. They are giving money to drug rehab programmes.

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Despite their 5% total prison population…

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In 2021 women comprised 22% of SH incidents, which increased by 7% in 2022

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The Howard League for Penal Reform said…

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The CJS is designed by men for men … women are a marginal consideration.

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Aisha Cleary

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18 y/o. HMP Bronzefield. Gave birth alone and lost the child. Labelled a trouble maker. Was black. Private prison.

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1992 Baroness Helen Kennedy

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Eve Was Framed because courtrooms are largely men

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Double jeopardy

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Carol Smart 1976 in response to prevailing dated ideology such as Pollak’s, Lombroso and Ferraro

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Lombroso said women commit less crime because

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They are less evolved

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Pollack 1950

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Women have higher levels of deceitfulness which means their true level of criminality is unknown

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Media focuses on

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Appearances, sex life and composure

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HMP Berwyn

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18 female staff had relationships with inmates. A Union claimed they were inexperienced and exploited by those who are experienced fiends. Is this merely chivalry? Misconduct in a public office.

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Women in probation is a good fit because

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Administrative role. Interpersonal skills. Team work, women talk to each other not competitively like men. Empathy. The need to confide.

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Deborah Corston

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Corston report March 2007. 43 recommendations for ‘women with particular vulnerabilities’ through domestic circumstances, socio-economic, or personal. Holistic, distinct, and women-centric. Radically different. Concerned with the 17,000 children affected by women in prison each year.

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Corston report was regarded as

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The blueprint for reform - PRT

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Pat Carlen

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1992 Sledgehammer Report concerned with the gender-sensitive justice debate & radical feminist ideology that women have a different experience a crime due to their different experiences with life structures.

WIP charity with Chris Tvsosky. 1983 in response to two women who died in Holloway. Pressed for better conditions, not neglecting the mentally ill, and employed offenders to give them better chances.

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Chamberlain 2016

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Prison is first of all a state punishment.

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Incongruous environments

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Prisons for rehabilitation

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DTC in England and Wales

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HMP Send. 20 places. Voluntary. Some concerns about ‘less eligibility’ (benevolent gesture), it being theoretical rather than epistemological. Egalitarian relationships. Prisons and probation ombudsman 2008 self-inflicted deaths.

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Penal welfarism 1970s means that

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The main beneficiaries of rehab interventions is the community and potential victims. Risk society.

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Desistance

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Abstaining from crime

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What should rehabilitative strategies in women’s prions be configured within?

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Feminist frame of references. Preferably post-modern due to the intersection of race, sexuality and class that also shape the prison environment.

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The problem with cognitive behavioural programmes

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Do not consider the structural inequalities that lead to crime (concerning power and systemic oppression) and see crime as manifestations of purely psychological issues

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Contemporary correctional policies are accused of

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Decontextualising offending behaviour by psychologically-informed labels such as BPD and PTSD that reduce and abstract women to only their condition. Carlen 2002

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Ethos

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Punitiveness

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The concept of rehabilitation is both

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Complex and contested

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Women serving life sentences

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Over 100 1990s. 3x increase in 2019. MOJ

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Two interconnected concerns about the treatment of women in prisons (Genders and Elaine Player)

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The re-emergence of the rehab idea (Francis Allen 1951) and the lack of criminological attention to women convicted of serious offences and having LTI.

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Peak age female offending

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15 (18 M)

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Systems of knowledge are created by men which explains why traditional criminology is male-centric

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Daly and Lind

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Second wave feminism

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1970s

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Double jeopardy

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Carlen 1988

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Differences in sentencing across the genders

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Chivalry. Paternalism. Familial protection. Enforcement of appropriate behaviour.

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Mary Eaton 1983 looked at

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The treatment of women defendants in criminal courts.

‘The courts did more than describe domestic arrangements… they revealed their assumptions concerning how a family should be organised’.

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2006 B Hale

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‘Relevant difference’ in women and mens experiences so it is not fair to treat F offenders as severely.

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Chivalry Thesis

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Edward Pollak 1950

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Box 1983

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Girls are socialised to internalise blame. Leads to them into retreatist and self-defeating adaptions.

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E. Sutherland sex role theory

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Girls are socialised in a manner which is more supervisory and controlled. Limits their opportunities to be deviant. Boys socialised to be rougher and tougher, making deviance more likely.

Over-simplification? Free will? Individual parenting styles? Trauma can also affect peoples behaviours and dispositions as they grow older.

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Socialisation - Cloward and Ohlin

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Can be gendered. For girls, to be more perceptive of their surroundings + curfews. Wear less revealing clothing. Due to deserving victim bias.

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Control theory

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Tells us that girls and women develop stronger social bonds and are subject to stricter parental control.

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Sociological factors affecting both men and women

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Weak social bonds

Lack of parental controls

Low perceptions of risk

Delinquent associations

Opps to learn criminal techniques- eg. Differential association

Access to criminal ops

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Muslim women

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Family may cut them off post-prison due to shame. Lanny 2017

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Mental health assessments

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X2 more likely for women

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48%

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Of womens criminal offences were to support someone’s drug habits (22% for male prisoners)

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The end of chivalry?

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CJS becoming more diverse

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Carlen 2002 study of Scotland courts

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Found that only white MC straight women received chivalrous treatment

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Maternal status plays a role in sentencing

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Farringdon and Morris 1993

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Male CJS representation 2019

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74% male, 5 year constant

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Lone parent households

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BAME are disproportionately affected

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Foreign National women

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Tend to serve long sentences for importing drugs

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60% of women have trauma/domestic abuse

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Often by multiple perpetrators

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In care

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Large proportions of female offenders were in care

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Cohen 1950s

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Girls collect boys

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Equality act 2010 (MOJ)

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To foster relationships and outlaw unlawful discrimination

Reflects the Public Sector Equality Duty

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Mother/baby units

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Story Book Mums - recorded reading to the child

Mums The World - advice and support

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Nov 2019 MOJ white paper

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Prison and safety reform. 5 new community womens prisons and improvements to treatment in custody. Early interventions.

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Doris Klein 1990s

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Preponderance of male theorists in the field

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Women who were discussed

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Psychological peculiarities

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John Beattie 1975

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Criminal women in England - first due regard to womens criminality

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Reliance on the

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Voluntary sector

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Deborah Cole (executive director at the charity INQUEST)

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The government can prevent the harm done by the CJS by redirecting rescourses from prisons into welfare, housing, and social care.

While ministers drag their heels on women’s justice strategy, women confirm to die.

2018