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307 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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AD |
Right ear |
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AS |
Left ear |
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AU |
Both ears |
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BSE |
Breast self examination |
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Db |
Difficulty breathing |
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DOB |
Date of birth |
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EENT |
Eye, Ear, Nose, Throat |
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EKG(ECG) |
Electrocardiogram |
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Ex |
Examination |
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H&P |
History and Physical |
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HOH |
Hard of hearing |
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Ht |
Height |
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Hz |
Hertz |
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Hx |
History |
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OD |
Right eye |
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OS |
Left eye |
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OU |
Both eyes |
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Pap |
Papanicolou test |
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PE |
Physical examination |
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TSE |
Testicular self exam |
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VS |
Vital signs |
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Wt |
Weight |
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Why are height and weight measurements done? |
-doses of meds -edema -weight loss/gain -LTC -general physical -medical administration -anorexia
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Why should you weigh a pt daily? |
-cirrhosis(Ascites) -intake & output -CHF |
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How is a bedriddens pt height and weight obtained? |
Bed scales & tape measures |
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Supine |
On back- examine abdomen & chest |
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Prone |
Examine back |
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Lateral |
Side with legs bent- rectal exams |
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Fowler’s(all 3 positions) |
High- 90 degrees Semi- 45 degrees Low- not completely flat |
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Lithotomy |
Baby position; stirrups |
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Trendelenburg |
For shock-feet up |
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Presbyopia |
Farsightedness associated with age |
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Presbyopia |
Farsightedness associated with age |
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Snellen Chart |
Distant vision- nearsightedness-Myopia |
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Presbyopia |
Farsightedness associated with age |
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Snellen Chart |
Distant vision- nearsightedness-Myopia |
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Hyperopia |
Close vision- farsightedness |
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Achromatism |
Color blindness- Ishihara method |
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Accommodation |
Focusing on the eye for varied distances |
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Acuity |
Sharpness or clearness |
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Aqueous humor |
Watery liquid that circulates in the anterior chamber of the eye |
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Acuity |
Sharpness or clearness |
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Aqueous humor |
Watery liquid that circulates in the anterior chamber of the eye |
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Choroid coat |
Middle or vascular layer of the eye, between the sclera & retina |
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Acuity |
Sharpness or clearness |
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Aqueous humor |
Watery liquid that circulates in the anterior chamber of the eye |
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Choroid coat |
Middle or vascular layer of the eye, between the sclera & retina |
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Conjunctiva |
Mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the front of the eye to provide additional protection and lubrication if the choroid coat |
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Converge |
Coordinated movement of two eyes toward fixation on the same near point |
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Converge |
Coordinated movement of two eyes toward fixation on the same near point |
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Cornea |
Circular, transparent part of the front of the sclera; allows light rays to enter the eye |
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Intraocular |
Within the eye |
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Intraocular |
Within the eye |
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Iris |
Colored portion of the eye; located behind the cornea on the front of the choroid coat |
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Intraocular |
Within the eye |
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Iris |
Colored portion of the eye; located behind the cornea on the front of the choroid coat |
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Lacrimal glands |
Glands that secrete and expel tears |
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Intraocular |
Within the eye |
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Iris |
Colored portion of the eye; located behind the cornea on the front of the choroid coat |
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Lacrimal glands |
Glands that secrete and expel tears |
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Lens |
Circular structure located behind the pupil and suspended in position by ligaments |
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Physician/Medical Doctor |
Examine pts, obtain medical Hx, order tests, make Dx, perform surgery, treat Dx, prevent disease, teach; 8 yrs, internship, residency |
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Physician/Doctor of Osteopathic |
Emphasizes helping each person achieve a high level of wellness by focusing on health promotion and disease prevention; Bachelor’s then Osteopathic Medical School, internship, residency |
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Podiatrist |
Specialize in treating conditions of the foot and lower leg; Bachelor’s then Masters then Doctoral degree then 3 yr pediatric medical & surgical residency |
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Podiatrist |
Specialize in treating conditions of the foot and lower leg; Bachelor’s then Masters then Doctoral degree then 3 yr pediatric medical & surgical residency |
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Physician Assistant |
Practices medicine as a part of a health care team with physicians and other providers |
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Podiatrist |
Specialize in treating conditions of the foot and lower leg; Bachelor’s then Masters then Doctoral degree then 3 yr pediatric medical & surgical residency |
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Physician Assistant |
Practices medicine as a part of a health care team with physicians and other providers |
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Medical Assistant |
Perform routine administrative and clinical tasks to keep the offices of physicians running; certificate 9-12 month program, Associate Degree in 18-24 months |
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Podiatrist |
Specialize in treating conditions of the foot and lower leg; Bachelor’s then Masters then Doctoral degree then 3 yr pediatric medical & surgical residency |
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Physician Assistant |
Practices medicine as a part of a health care team with physicians and other providers |
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Medical Assistant |
Perform routine administrative and clinical tasks to keep the offices of physicians running; certificate 9-12 month program, Associate Degree in 18-24 months |
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Registered Nurse |
provide and coordinate pt care, educate pts, provide support, monitor record and report symptoms or changes in pts condition |
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Podiatrist |
Specialize in treating conditions of the foot and lower leg; Bachelor’s then Masters then Doctoral degree then 3 yr pediatric medical & surgical residency |
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Physician Assistant |
Practices medicine as a part of a health care team with physicians and other providers |
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Medical Assistant |
Perform routine administrative and clinical tasks to keep the offices of physicians running; certificate 9-12 month program, Associate Degree in 18-24 months |
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Registered Nurse |
provide and coordinate pt care, educate pts, provide support, monitor record and report symptoms or changes in pts condition |
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Nurse Practitioner |
RN who has qualified to treat certain medical conditions without the supervision of a physician; Master of Science Degree in Nursing and obtain Nurse Practitioner Licensure |
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Podiatrist |
Specialize in treating conditions of the foot and lower leg; Bachelor’s then Masters then Doctoral degree then 3 yr pediatric medical & surgical residency |
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Physician Assistant |
Practices medicine as a part of a health care team with physicians and other providers |
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Medical Assistant |
Perform routine administrative and clinical tasks to keep the offices of physicians running; certificate 9-12 month program, Associate Degree in 18-24 months |
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Registered Nurse |
provide and coordinate pt care, educate pts, provide support, monitor record and report symptoms or changes in pts condition |
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Nurse Practitioner |
RN who has qualified to treat certain medical conditions without the supervision of a physician; Master of Science Degree in Nursing and obtain Nurse Practitioner Licensure |
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RN education requirements |
Complete nursing program with Associates Degree or Bachelors; pass state licensing exam |
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Nurse Anesthetist |
RN who’ll work in collaboration with anesthesiologists, surgeons and other physicians and medical professionals to deliver anesthesia for medical/surgical procedures |
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Nurse Anesthetist |
RN who’ll work in collaboration with anesthesiologists, surgeons and other physicians and medical professionals to deliver anesthesia for medical/surgical procedures |
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Nurse Anesthetist education requirements |
RN with Bachelors Degree then 1 year experience in CCU, then 18 month nurse anesthesia program |
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Nurse Midwife |
RN with additional training as a midwife who is certified to deliver infants and provide prenatal and postpartum care, newborn care and some routine care of women |
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Nurse Midwife education requirements |
BSN then 1 yr OB/GYN experience then complete 3 yr mid wife program |
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Nurse Midwife education requirements |
BSN then 1 yr OB/GYN experience then complete 3 yr mid wife program |
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Licensed Practical Nurse |
1 year program; usually work in LTC; certified |
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Surgical Technician |
1-2 yrs; OR Tech; under supervision; set up for surgery |
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Certified Nursing Assistant |
Direct pt/client care; bathe, feed, dress, v/s; 72-120 hr state approved program then certification exam |
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Optometrist |
Examine eyes, prescribe treatment, refer pts to an ophthalmologist for surgery if needed; preoptometric college then 4 yrs optometry school and must have state licensure |
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Optometrist |
Examine eyes, prescribe treatment, refer pts to an ophthalmologist for surgery if needed; preoptometric college then 4 yrs optometry school and must have state licensure |
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Audiologist |
Work with people who have hearing, balance, and related problems; masters degree, clinical experience, doctoral degree and 4 yrs post graduate work |
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Cervical Spatula(Ayer Blade) |
Wooden or plastic blade used to scrape cells from the cervix |
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Cervical Spatula(Ayer Blade) |
Wooden or plastic blade used to scrape cells from the cervix |
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Laryngeal mirror |
An instrument with with a mirror at one end |
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Speculum |
An instrument used to examine internal canals of the body |
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Tuning fork |
An instrument with two prongs that is used to test hearing acuity |
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Cornea |
Clear front window of the eye that transmits and focuses light into the eye |
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Iris |
Colored pet of the eye that helps regulate the amount of light that enters |
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Pupil |
Dark aperture in the iris that determines how much light is let into the eye |
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Pupil |
Dark aperture in the iris that determines how much light is let into the eye |
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Lens |
Transparent structure inside the eye that focuses light rays onto the retina |
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Pupil |
Dark aperture in the iris that determines how much light is let into the eye |
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Lens |
Transparent structure inside the eye that focuses light rays onto the retina |
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Retina |
Nerve layer that lines the back of the eye, senses light, and creates electrical impulses that travel through the optic nerve to the brain |
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Pupil |
Dark aperture in the iris that determines how much light is let into the eye |
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Lens |
Transparent structure inside the eye that focuses light rays onto the retina |
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Retina |
Nerve layer that lines the back of the eye, senses light, and creates electrical impulses that travel through the optic nerve to the brain |
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Macula |
Small central area in the retina that contains special light-sensitive cells and allows us to see fine details clearly |
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Pupil |
Dark aperture in the iris that determines how much light is let into the eye |
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Lens |
Transparent structure inside the eye that focuses light rays onto the retina |
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Retina |
Nerve layer that lines the back of the eye, senses light, and creates electrical impulses that travel through the optic nerve to the brain |
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Macula |
Small central area in the retina that contains special light-sensitive cells and allows us to see fine details clearly |
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Optic nerve |
Connects the eye to the brain and carries the electrical impulses formed by the retina to the visual cortex of the brain |
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Pupil |
Dark aperture in the iris that determines how much light is let into the eye |
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Lens |
Transparent structure inside the eye that focuses light rays onto the retina |
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Retina |
Nerve layer that lines the back of the eye, senses light, and creates electrical impulses that travel through the optic nerve to the brain |
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Macula |
Small central area in the retina that contains special light-sensitive cells and allows us to see fine details clearly |
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Optic nerve |
Connects the eye to the brain and carries the electrical impulses formed by the retina to the visual cortex of the brain |
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Vitreous |
Clear, jelly-like substance that fills the middle of the eye |
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Best time to do a BSE |
In the shower, after period, every month |
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Best time to do a BSE |
In the shower, after period, every month |
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Age that BSE should be started |
18-21 |
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Best time to do a BSE |
In the shower, after period, every month |
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Age that BSE should be started |
18-21 |
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Define mammogram |
Low dose x-ray to examine breasts |
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Best time to do a BSE |
In the shower, after period, every month |
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Age that BSE should be started |
18-21 |
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Define mammogram |
Low dose x-ray to examine breasts |
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Age that mammogram should be started |
40 |
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Best time to do a BSE |
In the shower, after period, every month |
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Age that BSE should be started |
18-21 |
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Define mammogram |
Low dose x-ray to examine breasts |
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Age that mammogram should be started |
40 |
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Age that is at highest risk for testicular cancer |
20-35 |
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Best time to do a BSE |
In the shower, after period, every month |
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Age that BSE should be started |
18-21 |
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Define mammogram |
Low dose x-ray to examine breasts |
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Age that mammogram should be started |
40 |
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Age that is at highest risk for testicular cancer |
20-35 |
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Age TSE should be statted |
15 |
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Best time to do a BSE |
In the shower, after period, every month |
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Age that BSE should be started |
18-21 |
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Define mammogram |
Low dose x-ray to examine breasts |
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Age that mammogram should be started |
40 |
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Age that is at highest risk for testicular cancer |
20-35 |
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Age TSE should be statted |
15 |
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The reason TSE should be done |
To detect testicular cancer |
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Best time to do a BSE |
In the shower, after period, every month |
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Age that BSE should be started |
18-21 |
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Define mammogram |
Low dose x-ray to examine breasts |
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Age that mammogram should be started |
40 |
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Age that is at highest risk for testicular cancer |
20-35 |
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Age TSE should be statted |
15 |
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The reason TSE should be done |
To detect testicular cancer |
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Best time to do a TSE |
In shower, monthly |
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EENT test: |
Eye ear nose and throat exam |
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EENT test: |
Eye ear nose and throat exam |
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GYN test: |
Exam of female reproductive organs |
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EENT test: |
Eye ear nose and throat exam |
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GYN test: |
Exam of female reproductive organs |
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General or complete physical: |
Exam of all areas of the body |
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EENT test: |
Eye ear nose and throat exam |
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GYN test: |
Exam of female reproductive organs |
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General or complete physical: |
Exam of all areas of the body |
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Papanicolaou test: |
Frequently done to detect cancer of the cervix or reproductive organs |
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EENT test: |
Eye ear nose and throat exam |
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GYN test: |
Exam of female reproductive organs |
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General or complete physical: |
Exam of all areas of the body |
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Papanicolaou test: |
Frequently done to detect cancer of the cervix or reproductive organs |
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Observation: |
Inspect body for disease; look at it |
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EENT test: |
Eye ear nose and throat exam |
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GYN test: |
Exam of female reproductive organs |
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General or complete physical: |
Exam of all areas of the body |
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Papanicolaou test: |
Frequently done to detect cancer of the cervix or reproductive organs |
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Observation: |
Inspect body for disease; look at it |
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Palpation: |
Feel various parts of the body |
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EENT test: |
Eye ear nose and throat exam |
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GYN test: |
Exam of female reproductive organs |
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General or complete physical: |
Exam of all areas of the body |
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Papanicolaou test: |
Frequently done to detect cancer of the cervix or reproductive organs |
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Observation: |
Inspect body for disease; look at it |
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Palpation: |
Feel various parts of the body |
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Percussion: |
Tapping on body parts & listening to sounds coming from organs |
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EENT test: |
Eye ear nose and throat exam |
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GYN test: |
Exam of female reproductive organs |
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General or complete physical: |
Exam of all areas of the body |
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Papanicolaou test: |
Frequently done to detect cancer of the cervix or reproductive organs |
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Observation: |
Inspect body for disease; look at it |
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Palpation: |
Feel various parts of the body |
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Percussion: |
Tapping on body parts & listening to sounds coming from organs |
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Auscultation: |
Listening to posterior lung & heart sounds |
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EENT test: |
Eye ear nose and throat exam |
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GYN test: |
Exam of female reproductive organs |
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General or complete physical: |
Exam of all areas of the body |
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Papanicolaou test: |
Frequently done to detect cancer of the cervix or reproductive organs |
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Observation: |
Inspect body for disease; look at it |
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Palpation: |
Feel various parts of the body |
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Percussion: |
Tapping on body parts & listening to sounds coming from organs |
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Auscultation: |
Listening to posterior lung & heart sounds |
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Refraction |
Deviation of light when passing through a medium to another medium of different density |
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Retina |
Innermost layer of the eye, made of many layers of nerve cells, which transmit light implies to the optic nerve |
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Retina |
Innermost layer of the eye, made of many layers of nerve cells, which transmit light implies to the optic nerve |
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Sclera |
Outermost layer and tough connective tissue, frequently referred to as the “white of the eye”, and maintains the shape of the eye |
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Snellen charts |
Special charts that use letters or symbols in calibrated heights to check for vision defects |
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Snellen charts |
Special charts that use letters or symbols in calibrated heights to check for vision defects |
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Tonometer |
Instrument used to measure intraocular pressure |
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Vitreous humor |
Jelly like mass that fills the cavity of the eyeball, behind the lens |
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Amblyopia |
“Lazy eye”, poor vision in one eye often resulting from better vision in the other eye during infancy or early childhood |
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Amblyopia |
“Lazy eye”, poor vision in one eye often resulting from better vision in the other eye during infancy or early childhood |
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Diplopia |
Double vision, results from muscle imbalance or paralysis of an extraocular muscle |
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Esotropia |
“Crossed eyes” is the pulling of both eyes to meet the nose |
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Astigmatism |
Congenital defect of the eyeball, which may increase with age. Imperfect curvature of the cornea results in blurred vision; tx is corrective lenses |
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Astigmatism |
Congenital defect of the eyeball, which may increase with age. Imperfect curvature of the cornea results in blurred vision; tx is corrective lenses |
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Cataract |
Clouding of the lens that causes blurred or partial vision. Cause is unknown. If untreated, may cause blindness. Corrected by surgery |
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Astigmatism |
Congenital defect of the eyeball, which may increase with age. Imperfect curvature of the cornea results in blurred vision; tx is corrective lenses |
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Cataract |
Clouding of the lens that causes blurred or partial vision. Cause is unknown. If untreated, may cause blindness. Corrected by surgery |
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Glaucoma |
Common eye disorder in people over 35 yrs of age. It results from an increase in the pressure inside the eye. The increased pressure can damage the optic disk and optic nerve can cause “tunnel” vision. Controlled with medication |
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Astigmatism |
Congenital defect of the eyeball, which may increase with age. Imperfect curvature of the cornea results in blurred vision; tx is corrective lenses |
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Cataract |
Clouding of the lens that causes blurred or partial vision. Cause is unknown. If untreated, may cause blindness. Corrected by surgery |
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Glaucoma |
Common eye disorder in people over 35 yrs of age. It results from an increase in the pressure inside the eye. The increased pressure can damage the optic disk and optic nerve can cause “tunnel” vision. Controlled with medication |
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Night blindness |
Poor vision in dim light, results from a deficiency in the rods of the retina. Tx is supplement of vitamin A |
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Astigmatism |
Congenital defect of the eyeball, which may increase with age. Imperfect curvature of the cornea results in blurred vision; tx is corrective lenses |
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Cataract |
Clouding of the lens that causes blurred or partial vision. Cause is unknown. If untreated, may cause blindness. Corrected by surgery |
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Glaucoma |
Common eye disorder in people over 35 yrs of age. It results from an increase in the pressure inside the eye. The increased pressure can damage the optic disk and optic nerve can cause “tunnel” vision. Controlled with medication |
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Night blindness |
Poor vision in dim light, results from a deficiency in the rods of the retina. Tx is supplement of vitamin A |
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Retinal detachment |
May be due to injury or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Person may experience a sudden appearance of light with eventual loss of visual field. May be corrected with laser surgery that forms scar tissue that holds the retina in place. Retinopathy of Prematurity is caused by increased amounts of O2 |
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Astigmatism |
Congenital defect of the eyeball, which may increase with age. Imperfect curvature of the cornea results in blurred vision; tx is corrective lenses |
|
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Cataract |
Clouding of the lens that causes blurred or partial vision. Cause is unknown. If untreated, may cause blindness. Corrected by surgery |
|
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Glaucoma |
Common eye disorder in people over 35 yrs of age. It results from an increase in the pressure inside the eye. The increased pressure can damage the optic disk and optic nerve can cause “tunnel” vision. Controlled with medication |
|
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Night blindness |
Poor vision in dim light, results from a deficiency in the rods of the retina. Tx is supplement of vitamin A |
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Retinal detachment |
May be due to injury or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Person may experience a sudden appearance of light with eventual loss of visual field. May be corrected with laser surgery that forms scar tissue that holds the retina in place. Retinopathy of Prematurity is caused by increased amounts of O2 |
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Strabismus |
A condition in which both eyes do not focus on the same point or direction. May be caused by brain injury, tumor, infection or by amblyopia. May be inherited. Corrected by surgery |
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Sty |
Caused by bacterial infection or the sebaceous glands of the eyelid. Contains pus and usually drains in 3-4 days. Tx is hot compresses and antibiotics |
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Sty |
Caused by bacterial infection or the sebaceous glands of the eyelid. Contains pus and usually drains in 3-4 days. Tx is hot compresses and antibiotics |
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PERLA or PEARL |
Pupils equal and reactive to light and accommodation |
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Sty |
Caused by bacterial infection or the sebaceous glands of the eyelid. Contains pus and usually drains in 3-4 days. Tx is hot compresses and antibiotics |
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PERLA or PEARL |
Pupils equal and reactive to light and accommodation |
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REM |
Rapid Eye Movement(occurs during sleep) |
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Articulation |
How sounds are spoken |
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Auricle/pinna |
External part of the war |
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Auricle/pinna |
External part of the war |
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Cochlea |
Snail-shaped section of the inner war; contains the organ of Corti |
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Auricle/pinna |
External part of the war |
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Cochlea |
Snail-shaped section of the inner war; contains the organ of Corti |
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Decibel |
Unit used to express ratio of power between two sounds |
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Auricle/pinna |
External part of the war |
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Cochlea |
Snail-shaped section of the inner war; contains the organ of Corti |
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Decibel |
Unit used to express ratio of power between two sounds |
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Eustachian tube |
Tube that connects the middle ear and the pharynx |
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Auricle/pinna |
External part of the war |
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Cochlea |
Snail-shaped section of the inner war; contains the organ of Corti |
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Decibel |
Unit used to express ratio of power between two sounds |
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Eustachian tube |
Tube that connects the middle ear and the pharynx |
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Frequency |
The number of times an even occurs in a given period; in hearing, measure of 1 cycle pre sound(hertz) |
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Auricle/pinna |
External part of the war |
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Cochlea |
Snail-shaped section of the inner war; contains the organ of Corti |
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Decibel |
Unit used to express ratio of power between two sounds |
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Eustachian tube |
Tube that connects the middle ear and the pharynx |
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Frequency |
The number of times an even occurs in a given period; in hearing, measure of 1 cycle pre sound(hertz) |
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Organ of Corti |
Organ of hearing |
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Auricle/pinna |
External part of the war |
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Cochlea |
Snail-shaped section of the inner war; contains the organ of Corti |
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Decibel |
Unit used to express ratio of power between two sounds |
|
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Eustachian tube |
Tube that connects the middle ear and the pharynx |
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Frequency |
The number of times an even occurs in a given period; in hearing, measure of 1 cycle pre sound(hertz) |
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Organ of Corti |
Organ of hearing |
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Ossicles |
Small bones, especially the three bones of the middle ear that amplify and transmit sound waves |
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Semicircular canals |
Structures of the inner ear that are involved in maintaining balance and equilibrium |
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Semicircular canals |
Structures of the inner ear that are involved in maintaining balance and equilibrium |
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Vestibule |
Small space or cavity at the beginning of a canal |
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Semicircular canals |
Structures of the inner ear that are involved in maintaining balance and equilibrium |
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Vestibule |
Small space or cavity at the beginning of a canal |
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Meniere’s Disease |
Results from a collection of fluid in the labyrinth of the inner ear and a regeneration of the hair cells in the cochlea and vestibule |
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Semicircular canals |
Structures of the inner ear that are involved in maintaining balance and equilibrium |
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Vestibule |
Small space or cavity at the beginning of a canal |
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Meniere’s Disease |
Results from a collection of fluid in the labyrinth of the inner ear and a regeneration of the hair cells in the cochlea and vestibule |
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Otitis externa |
Inflammation of the external auditory canal |
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Semicircular canals |
Structures of the inner ear that are involved in maintaining balance and equilibrium |
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Vestibule |
Small space or cavity at the beginning of a canal |
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Meniere’s Disease |
Results from a collection of fluid in the labyrinth of the inner ear and a regeneration of the hair cells in the cochlea and vestibule |
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Otitis externa |
Inflammation of the external auditory canal |
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Otitis media |
Inflammation or infection of the middle ear and is caused by a bacteria or virus |
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Semicircular canals |
Structures of the inner ear that are involved in maintaining balance and equilibrium |
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Vestibule |
Small space or cavity at the beginning of a canal |
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Meniere’s Disease |
Results from a collection of fluid in the labyrinth of the inner ear and a regeneration of the hair cells in the cochlea and vestibule |
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Otitis externa |
Inflammation of the external auditory canal |
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Otitis media |
Inflammation or infection of the middle ear and is caused by a bacteria or virus |
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Otosclerosis |
The stapes becomes immobile, causing conductive hearing loss |
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Db |
Decibel |
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Audiometer |
Used to test heading and determine hearing defects |
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Audiometer |
Used to test heading and determine hearing defects |
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Rhine test |
Uses a tuning fork to access transmission of sound through the ear structures |
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Audiometer |
Used to test heading and determine hearing defects |
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Rhine test |
Uses a tuning fork to access transmission of sound through the ear structures |
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Weber test |
Uses a tuning fork to test unilateral hearing loss |
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Holistic care |
Consideration of the complete person, physically, psychologically, socially, and spiritually, in the management and prevention of disease |
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Aphasia |
Language disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language. The disorder impairs both expression and understanding of language as well as reading and writing |
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Cleft palate/ lip |
Birth defect in which the roof of the mouth does not develop normally during pregnancy leaving an opening that may go through to the nasal cavity. Most are treated surgically |
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Cleft palate/ lip |
Birth defect in which the roof of the mouth does not develop normally during pregnancy leaving an opening that may go through to the nasal cavity. Most are treated surgically |
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Delayed Speech |
A speech disorder of children in which the levels of intelligibility, vocabulary, complexity of utterance, etc; are significantly below the levels considered standard for a particular age |
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Dysarthria |
A motor speech disorder. The muscles of the mouth, face, and respiratory system may become week, move slowly, or not move at all after a CVA or other brain injury |
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Stuttering |
This affects the fluency of speech. The disorder is characterized by disruptions in the production of speech sounds |
