Taylor - Fundamentals Of Nursing - Adn 1 Exam #2 Chapter 18,19,20 Growth & Development.

Front 1

Growth and development follow predictable trends:

Symmetric

Back 1

symmetrical development of the body, with both sides of the body developing equally.

Front 2

Growth and development are differentiated and integrated

Back 2

nerve pathways develop and become specialized.
each new learned ability builds on previously learned abilities developing a foundation so that increasingly complex tasks can be accomplished

Front 3

Growth and development occur at different stages and different rates, and can be modified

Back 3

muscles and bones grow most rapidly during the first years of life.
toddlers and preschoolers see muscle fibers increase in size and strength but bone growth slows.
Intense speech development occurs between 3-5 years of age.
preadolescence through young adulthood sees sexual maturity.
all these are influenced and modified by nutrition, love and affection from caregivers and illness.

Front 4

Growth and development is specific to the individual

Back 4

physical, psychological and maturation development vary.
genetics place restrictions on the upper level that can be achieved in Growth and development.

Front 5

Theories of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson

Back 5

based of Freud's work but expanded to include cultural and social influences in addition to biological processes. 8 stages that progress from birth to death are characterized by a developmental crisis to be mastered.
Unsuccessful resolution at one stage might delay progress through the next stage, but mastery can occur later.

Front 6

the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson:
Trust vs Mistrust.

Back 6

infancy.
infant relies on caregiver for basic needs.
mistrust is the result of inconsistent, inadequate or unsafe care.

Front 7

the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson:
Autonomy vs Shame

Back 7

Toddler 1 to 3 years.
motor and language skills develop.
learns from environment and gains independence to feed, dress and toilet self through encouragement from caregivers.
over-protectiveness or high expectations might cause child to develop shame, doubt or feelings of inadequacy.

Front 8

the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson:
Innitiative vs Guilt

Back 8

preschoolers 4 to 6 years.
confidence gained as a toddler allows child to take the initiative in learning and to explore and seek out new activities and explore the how-and-why.
restrictions or reprimands for seeking new experiences result in guilt, hindering attempts to seek out more challenging skills or language development.

Front 9

the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson:
Industry vs Inferiority

Back 9

school-aged child.
pleasure is gained from finishing projects and receiving recognition for accomplishments.
if parental or peer expectations are cannot be met a feeling of inferiority or lack of self-worth may develop.

Front 10

the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson:
Identity vs Role Confusion

Back 10

adolescence.
in transition from childhood to adulthood.
hormonal changes produce secondary sex characteristics and mood swings.
rebellion and trying on roles are normal behaviors as a sense of self develops and a decision of which direction in life will be taken.
role confusion develops when one is unable to establish an identity ans a sense of direction.

Front 11

the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson:
Intimacy vs Isolation

Back 11

young adulthood.
tasks involve uniting self-identity with identities of friends and to make commitments to others.
fear of commitment results in isolation and loneliness.

Front 12

the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson:
Generativity vs Stagnation

Back 12

Middle adulthood.
marked by involvement with family, friends and community.
concern for the next generation.
a desire to make contributions to the world.
If not met, stagnation results, and person becomes self-absorbed and obsessed with his own needs or regresses to an earlier level of coping.

Front 13

the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson:
Ego Integrity vs Despair

Back 13

later adulthood.
reminiscence of life events provides a sense of fulfillment and purpose.
despair prevails if one believes life has been a series of failures or missed directions.

Front 14

Theories of Psychosocial Development.
Robert J. Havighurst:

Back 14

Developmental Tasks-learned behaviors- occur at certain periods in life.
success leads to happiness and success in later tasks.
failure leads to unhappiness, societal disapproval and difficulty in completing later tasks.
Developmental tasks arise from:
maturation,
personal motives,
values determining occupational and family choices,
and civic responsibility.

Front 15

Havighurst's Developmental Tasks:

Infancy and Early Childhood

Back 15

achieving physiological stability.
learning to walk, talk, eat solid foods.
learning to form simple concepts.
emotionally relating to parents, siblings, others.
control of elimination.
distinguishing right from wrong.
learning sexual differences and modesty.

Front 16

Havighurst's Developmental Tasks:

Middle Childhood

Back 16

learning physical skills for games.
learning to get along with age-mates.
reading, writing, math.
developing a conscious, morality and values.
achieving personal independence.

Front 17

Havighurst's Developmental Tasks:

Adolescence

Back 17

accepting one's body.
achieving a masculine or feminine role.
emotional independence from parents and other adults.
preparing for a career and marriage.
desiring and achieving an ethical and socially responsible behavior.

Front 18

Havighurst's Developmental Tasks:

Young Adulthood

Back 18

selecting and learning to live with a mate.
starting a family.
getting an occupation.
taking on civic responsibility.
finding a social group.

Front 19

Havighurst's Developmental Tasks:

Middle Adulthood

Back 19

accepting physical changes.
maintaining a satisfactory occupation.
assisting childrent o become responsible adults.
adjusting to aging parents.
achieving social and civic responsibility.

Front 20

Havighurst's Developmental Tasks:

Later Maturity

Back 20

adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health.
adjusting to retirement
adjusting to death of a spouse.
establishing an affiliation to one's age group.
establishing satisfactory physical living arrangements.

Front 21

Cognitive development of the toddler according to Piaget

Back 21

in last two stages of the sensorimotor stage.
begin to understand object permanence.

Front 22

Psychosocial development of the toddler ,according to Erikson, is

Back 22

in the autonomy vs shame and doubt stage.
independence in feeding, dressing and toileting and ability to express wishes verbally.

Front 23

Psychosocial development of the toddler ,according to Havighurst,

Back 23

begins to learn the elimination of urine and feces and begins to learn sex differences, form concepts, learn language and distinguish right from wrong.

Front 24

Preschooler psychosocial development according to Erikson

Back 24

initiative vs guilt.
inner turmoil occurs when curiosity is pitted against one's actions by a rigid conscience.
self limits are learned through social interactions.

Front 25

Preschooler psychosocial development according to Havighurst

Back 25

learn sex differences.
describe social and physical reality through concept formation and language development.
gets ready to read.
distinguishes right from wrong.

Front 26

Psychosocial development of the school aged child according to Erikson

Back 26

industry vs inferiority stage.
learns useful skills.
develops a positive self-esteem.
sense of identity develops.
emphasis is on doing, succeeding and accomplishing.

Front 27

Psychosocial development of the school aged child according to Havighurst.

Back 27

developmental tasks include:
learning physical game skills.
learns masculine/feminine social role.
learns reading, writing,and calculating.
personal independence.
develops conscience,morality and values.

Front 28

Pyschosocial development of the adolescent according to Erikson

Back 28

identity vs role confusion.
peer group has greatest influence on
self-concept.

Front 29

Pyschosocial development of the young adult according to Erikson

Back 29

intimacy vs isolation stage.
achieves independence.
establishes intimate relationships.
chooses a career or occupation.
if not successful, isolation and self-absorption occurs.

Front 30

Aging begins as one enters

Back 30

middle adulthood.

Front 31

The Middle Adult years are

Back 31

40 to 65 years.

Front 32

Menopause

Back 32

a gradual decrease in ovarian function in middle adulthood with subsequent depletion of estrogen and progesterone.
hot flashes, mood swings and fatigue.
loss of estrogen increases the risk for osteoporosis and heart disease.

Front 33

Psychosocial development of the middle adult according to Erikson

Back 33

generativity vs stagnation.
goals are gear toward guiding the next generation.
accept middle age changes.
adjust to the needs of aging parents.
reevaluate one's goals and accomplishments.

Front 34

Older adult

Back 34

65 years and older.

Front 35

Erikson's last stage of human development

Back 35

ego integrity vs despair.

Front 36

Life Review or Reminiscence

Back 36

telling stories of past events.

Front 37

Social Isolation

Back 37

if an older adult cannot adjust and form new relationships.

Front 38

Ageism

Back 38

a prejudice in which older adults are stereotyped as being different and do not experience the same desires, needs and concerns and have outlived their usefulness.

Front 39

Dementia

Back 39

the various organic disorders that progressively affect cognitive functioning.
AD-Alzheimer's disease is the most common degenerative neurologic disease and most common cause of cognitive impairment.

Front 40

Sundowning Syndrome

Back 40

common with patients with dementia.
adults become confused restless and agitated after dark.

Front 41

Cascade Iotrogenesis

Back 41

when an intervention triggers a sequence of adverse events in an older frail adult.

Front 42

The Fulmer SPICES Tool

Back 42

assessment tool that identifies common problems in older adults that can lead to negative outcomes.
S- sleep disorders
P-problems with eating or feeding
I-incontinence
C-confusion
E-evidence of falls
S-skin breakdown.

Front 43

Delirium

Back 43

a temporary state of confusion that is mistaken for dementia.

Front 44

Reality Orientation

Back 44

nursing interventions that redirect the confused patient's attention to what is real in the environment.