Taylor - Fundamentals Of Nursing - Adn 1 Exam #2 Chapter 33 Activity

Front 1

Functions of the skeletal system

Back 1

supporting soft tissue.
protection of organs.
attachment points for muscles,tendons and ligaments.
storage of minerals and fat.
hematopoeisis.

Front 2

The # of bones in the human body

Back 2

206

Front 3

Bones are classified by their shape

Back 3

Long bones - humerus and femur.
Short bones- wrist and ankle.
Flat bones-ribs and several skull bones.
Irregular bones-spinal column and jaw.

Front 4

Articulation and joint refer to:

Back 4

areas where bone meets another bone.

Front 5

Joints are classified according to:

Back 5

the amount of movement they permit and the material between adjoining bones.

Front 6

Diarthroses or Synovial joints:

Back 6

freely moving joints with a potential space between the articulating bones.

Front 7

The Diarthroses and their activity:
Ball & Socket:

Back 7

shoulder and hip:
flexion-extension
abduction-adduction
rotation

Front 8

The Diarthroses and their activity:
Condyloid joint:

Back 8

wrist joint:
flexion-extension
abduction-adduction.

Front 9

The Diarthroses and their activity:
Gliding joint:

Back 9

carpal bones of wrist and tarsal bones of feet:
flexion-extension
abduction-adduction.

Front 10

The Diarthroses and their activity:
Hinge joint:

Back 10

elbow, knee, ankle joint:
flexion-extension, only.

Front 11

The Diarthroses and their activity:
Pivot joint:

Back 11

between axis and atlas, and between proximal ends of the radius and ulna:
rotation, only.

Front 12

The Diarthroses and their activity:
Saddle joint:

Back 12

joint between trapezium and metacarpal of thumb:
side to side and back and forth.

Front 13

Amphiarthrosis

Back 13

slightly moveable,
no joint cavity,
cartilage between bones.
ex:
joints between vertebrae &
pubic symphysis.

Front 14

Synarthrosis

Back 14

immovable.
no joint cavity,
fibrous connective tissue between bones.
ex: sutures between bones of the skull.

Front 15

abduction

Back 15

lateral movement of a body part away from the mid-line of the body
ex: an arm is abducted when it is moved away from the body.

Front 16

adducton

Back 16

lateral movement of a body part toward the mid-line of the body.
ex: an arm is adducted when when it is moved from an outstretched position to a position alongside the body.

Front 17

circumduction

Back 17

movement of the distal part of the limb to trace a complete circle while the proximal end of the bone remains fixed.
ex: the leg is outstretched and moved in a circle.

Front 18

flexion

Back 18

the state of being bent.
ex: the cervical spine is flexed when the head is bent forward chin to chest.

Front 19

extension

Back 19

the state of being in a straight line.
ex: a person's cervical spine is extended when the head is held straight on the spinal column.

Front 20

hyperextension

Back 20

the state of exaggerated extension, often resulting in an angle greater than 180 degrees.
ex: a person's cervical spine is hyperextended when looking overhead, toward the ceiling.

Front 21

dorsiflexion

Back 21

backward bending of the hand or foot.
ex: a person's foot is in dorsiflexion when the toes are brought up as though to point them at the knee.

Front 22

plantar flexion

Back 22

flexion of the foot.
ex: a person's foot is in plantar flexion in the footdrop position.

Front 23

rotation

Back 23

turning on an axis; turning of a body part on the axis provided by its joint.
ex: a thumb is rotated when it is moved to make a circle.

Front 24

internal rotation

Back 24

a body part turning on its axis toward the midline of the body.
ex: a leg is rotated internally when it turns inward at the hip and toes point toward the midline of the body.

Front 25

external rotation

Back 25

a body part turning on its axis away from the midline of the body.
ex: a leg is rotated externally when its turns outward at the hip and the toes point away from the midline of the body.

Front 26

pronation

Back 26

the assumption of the prone position.
ex: a person is in the prone position when laying on the abdomen.
ex: a person's palm is prone when the forearm is turned so that the palm faces downward.

Front 27

supination

Back 27

the assumption of the supine position.
ex:a person's palm is supine when the forearm is turned so that the palm faces upward.

Front 28

inversion

Back 28

movement of the sole of the foot inward-occurs at the ankle.

Front 29

eversion

Back 29

movement of the sole of the foot outward- occurs at the ankle.

Front 30

ligaments

Back 30

fibrous bands of connective tissue that bind joints together and connect bones and cartilage.

Front 31

tendons

Back 31

flexible, inelastic fibrous bands & flattened sheets of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone.

Front 32

cartilage

Back 32

hard, nonvascular connective tissue found in joints as well as in the ear, nose, thorax, trachea and larynx.

Front 33

muscle attachment-
point of origin

Back 33

the attachment of a muscle to the more stationary bone.

Front 34

muscle attachment-
point of insertion

Back 34

the attachment of a muscle to the more movable bone.

Front 35

the three important functions of muscles accomplished through contracton

Back 35

motion.
maintenance of posture.
heat production.

Front 36

afferent neurons

Back 36

convey information from the peripheral receptors to the CNS.

Front 37

efferent neurons

Back 37

convey the response of the CNS, by way of the somatic nervous system, to the skeletal muscles.

Front 38

lever & fulcrum principle

Back 38

as the skeletal muscles pull on bone:
the bones serve as the levers & the joints act as fulcrums.

Front 39

postural tonus is

Back 39

the sustained contraction of select skeletal muscles that keep the body in an upright position against the force of gravity.

Front 40

postural tonus depends on the functioning of these postural reflexes

Back 40

labyrinthine sense- the inner ear sensing changes in head position and alerts the cerebellum
proprioreceptor or kinisthetic sense- sensing the location of a limb or body part.
visual or optic reflexes-visual impressions interpret the spatial relationships within the environment.
extensor or stretch reflexes- the extensor muscles sense stretch beyond a certain point, causing a reflex contraction.

Front 41

body mechanics

Back 41

the application of mechanical laws to the human body, specifically in regard to structure, function and position of the body

Front 42

patient care ergonomics

Back 42

the practice of designing equipment & work tasks to conform to the capability of the worker in relation to patient care.
patient handling tasks are the primary cause of musculoskeletal disorders among nurses.

Front 43

orthopedics

Back 43

the correction or prevention of disorders of body structures used in locomotion.

Front 44

tonus

Back 44

the state of slight muscle contraction.

Front 45

contractures

Back 45

a permanent contraction of a muscle.

Front 46

ADL

Back 46

activities of daily living.

Front 47

congenital or acquired postural abnormalities
scoliosis

Back 47

lateral curvature of the spine, usually occurs mostly in women during adolescence.

Front 48

congenital or acquired postural abnormalities
kyphosis

Back 48

an increased convexity in the curvature of the thoracic spine.

Front 49

problems with bone formation or muscle development
achondroplasia

Back 49

a congenital defect in which premature ossification of bone leads to dwarfism.

Front 50

problems with bone formation or muscle development
osteogenesis imperfecta

Back 50

a congenital defect where excessively brittle bones & fractures occur at birth and later in life.

Front 51

problems with bone formation or muscle development
rickets

Back 51

deformed skeletal formation caused by a vitamin D deficiency.

Front 52

problems with bone formation or muscle development
Paget's disease

Back 52

excessive bone destruction & abnormal bone regeneration.

Front 53

problems with bone formation or muscle development
osteoporosis

Back 53

age related problem in which bone destruction exceeds bone formation.

Front 54

problems with bone formation or muscle development
myasthenia gravis

Back 54

a muscular dystrophy caused by an abnormality of the neuromuscular junction that prevents muscle fiber contraction.

Front 55

problems affecting joint mobility
arthritis

Back 55

a general term describing the more than 100 diseases that affect areas in or around the joint's cartilage.
characterized by:
pain,
inflammation,
joint damage.

Front 56

problems affecting joint mobility
osteoarthritis

Back 56

aka: degenerative joint disease.
a non-inflammatory disorder of the weight-bearing joints, in particular.
a deterioration or articular cartilage, with bony deposits-bone spurs.

Front 57

trauma to the musculoskeletal system
sprain

Back 57

the tearing of ligaments, tendons and joint capsule.

Front 58

trauma to the musculoskeletal system
strain

Back 58

the over-stretching of a muscle.

Front 59

problems affecting the CNS
Parkinson's disease.

Back 59

a progressive deterioration of the basal ganglia of the cerebrum which integrate semivoluntary movements such as walking and laughing.

Front 60

problems affecting the CNS
CVA

Back 60

a cerebrovascular accident-stroke- may damage the cerebral motor cortex and produce temporary or permanent voluntary motor impairment.

Front 61

the cerebellum

Back 61

assists the cerebral motor cortex & basal ganglia by making body movements smooth and coordinated.

Front 62

negative nitrogen balance

Back 62

when more protein is broken down than is manufactured.
causes muscle wasting and decreased physical energy.

Front 63

flat effect

Back 63

an effect of depression on facial movements in which an individual's face registers no emotion.

Front 64

isotonic exercise

Back 64

involves muscle shortening and active movement.
ex: jogging & independently performing range of motion exercises.

Front 65

isometric exercises

Back 65

involves muscle contraction without any shortening of muscle fibers.
ex: chair exercises involving contractions of the gluteal muscles.

Front 66

isokinetic exercises

Back 66

involves muscle contraction with resistance from an external device.
ex: lifting weights.

Front 67

regular exercise produces the following benefits

Back 67

increased efficiency of the heart.
decreased heart rate and blood pressure.
increased blood flow to all body parts.
increased circulating fibrinolysin(small clot busting proteins)

Front 68

RICE

Back 68

to treat orthopedic discomfort:
R-rest
I-ice
C-compression
E-elevation.

Front 69

atelectasis

Back 69

incomplete expansion or a collapse of lung tissue that can result from immobility.

Front 70

hypostatic pneumonia

Back 70

a pneumonia that results from immobility and inactivity.

Front 71

atrophy

Back 71

decreased muscle size.

Front 72

ankylosis

Back 72

a consolidation and immobilization of a joint.

Front 73

the two phases of the normal gait

Back 73

stance- when the heel of the right foot strikes the ground.
swing- when the toe of the left foot pushes off and leaves the ground, moving the leg from behind to in front of the body.

Front 74

Range of motion

Back 74

the complete extent of movement of which a joint is normally capable.

Front 75

flaccidity

Back 75

results from disuse or neurologic impairments.
decreased tone of skeletal muscle.

Front 76

spasticity

Back 76

increased tone that interferes with movement. caused by neurologic impairments.

Front 77

paresis

Back 77

impaired muscle strength or weakness.

Front 78

paralysis

Back 78

absence of muscle strenght secondary to nervous impairment.

Front 79

hemiparesis

Back 79

weakness of one half of the body.

Front 80

hemiplegia

Back 80

paralysis of one half of the body.

Front 81

paraplegia

Back 81

paralysis of the legs.

Front 82

quadriplegia

Back 82

paralysis of the arms and legs.

Front 83

Bariatric patients

Back 83

patients with a BMI of 50 or greater.

Front 84

Bariatric transfer aids

Back 84

designed to be used with patients who are obese.

Front 85

gait belt

Back 85

used for transferring patients and assisting with ambulation.
used to help the patient stand and provides stabilization during pivoting.

Front 86

stand assist and repositioning aids

Back 86

for those patients requiring minimal assistance to stand up. an appropriate support to grasp.

Front 87

Lateral assist devices

Back 87

reduce patient-surface friction during side-to-side transfers.
boards and friction reducing sheets.

Front 88

Hoyer lift

Back 88

powered full body lifts for non weight bearing patients that move from chair or bed or stretcher.

Front 89

common bed positions
Fowler's

Back 89

a semi-sitting position with the head of the bed elevated 45 to 60 degrees.
often used to promote cardiac and respiratory functioning.

Front 90

common bed positions
High Fowler's

Back 90

the head of the bed is elevated 90 degrees. allows for maximum lung expansion.

Front 91

common bed positions
Semi or Low Fowler's

Back 91

the head of the bed is elevated only 30 degrees.

Front 92

Fowler's position requires frequent assessment because

Back 92

the heels, sacrum and scapulae are at risk for skin breakdown.

Front 93

common bed positions
Supine or Dorsal Recumbent position

Back 93

patient lies flat on his back with head and shoulders slightly elevated with a pillow unless contraindicated as in spinal anesthesia or surgery on the spinal vertebrae.

Front 94

common bed positions
Side lying or Lateral position

Back 94

patient lies on the side, main weight of body is borne by the lateral aspect of the lower scapula and the lateral aspect of the lower ilium.

Front 95

common bed positions
Oblique or Modified Lateral Position.

Back 95

variation of the side-lying position.
places less pressure on the trochanter region.

Front 96

variation of the side-lying position
Sims position.

Back 96

a lateral position where both knees are on the bed.main body weight is borne by the anterior aspects of the humerus, clavicle and ilium.

Front 97

Prone position

Back 97

patient lies on the abdomen.
helps prevent flexion contractures of the hips and knees.
contraindicated for people with spinal problems.

Front 98

Antiembolytic Stockings

Back 98

passive interventions to aid in the prevention of venous stasis and the development of deep vein thrombosis, phlebitis,and pulmonary embolism.
available in either knee high or thigh high length. to size correctly measure from:
heal to patella's inseam(knee high) or groin(thigh high). then measure circumference 6 inches down from patella.

Front 99

ROM

Back 99

range of motion exercises
passive or active-isotonic exercise.
stop at point of pain/resistance.
hold for 10 seconds,return to a neutral position.
repeat sets of three.

exercises release contractures

Front 100

when turning a patient, the bed should be at the level of the caregiver's

Back 100

elbow

Front 101

The immobile patient should be turned every

Back 101

two hours.