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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Observational study
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observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses
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experiment
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deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals in order to observe their responses
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sample
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a part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information
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population
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the entire group of individuals that we want information about
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confounded
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we cannot distinguish their effects on the response variable
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statistical inference
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produces answers to specefic question, along with a statement of how confident we can be that the answer is correct
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simulation
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provide an alternative method for producing data in such circumstances
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census
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attempts to contact every individual in the entire population
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sample design
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method used to select the sample from the population
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coluntary response sample
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consists of people who choose themselves by responding to a general appeal. biased because people with strong opinions, especially strong negative opinions, are most likely to respond
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convenience sampling
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a type of sampling which chooses the individuals easiest to reach
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bias
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systematically favors a certain outcome
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simple random sample
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a size n consits of n individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of n individuals has an equal chance to be the sample actually selected
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probability sample
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a sample chosed by chance. we must know what samples are possible and what chance , or probability, each possible sample has
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stratified random sample
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to select, first divide the population into groups of similar individuals called strata. then choose a separate SRS in each stratum and combine these to form the full sample
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multistage sample
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the most common, consists of clusters of nearby households that an interviewer can easily visit
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response bias
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when respondents lie, especially if asked about illegal or unpopulat bahvior. the sample then underestimates the presence of such bahavior in the population
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sampling frame
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the lot of individuals from which a sample is actually selected
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table of random digits
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a long string of the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 with the properties: each entry in the table is equally likely to be any of the 10 digits 0 through 9 and the entries are independent of each other. that is knowledge of one part of the table gives no information about any other part
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