Special Senses & Endocrine System

Front 1

Nasolacrimal Duct

Back 1

drains tears into nasal cavity

Front 2

Lacrimal Gland

Back 2

produces tears

Front 3

Palpebral Conjunctiva

Back 3

membrane that covers the inner surface of eyelid

Front 4

Lacrimal Canals

Back 4

tears from the surface of the eyes drain here

Front 5

Bulbar Conjunctiva

Back 5

membrane that covers the anterior surface of the sclera

Front 6

Lacrimal Sac

Back 6

drains tears into the nasolacrimal duct

Front 7

Ciliary Process

Back 7

produces aqueous humor.

Front 8

Sclera

Back 8

white tough outer layer of the eyeball

Front 9

Ora Serrrata

Back 9

anterior part of the retina

Front 10

Suspensatory Ligaments

Back 10

attaches lens to the ciliary body

Front 11

Why can the retina pull away from the back of the eyeball?

Back 11

its only attached by the optic disc and fluid can get between the choroid and the retina pushing the retina away from the choroid.

Front 12

Name the two layers of the retina.

Back 12

pigmented epithelium and neural layer

Front 13

What is the most anterior part of the eyeball?

Back 13

the cornea

Front 14

Which part of the eye has the highest density of cones in te retina?

Back 14

central fovea

Front 15

Ganglion cell layer axons form the ............

Back 15

optic nerve

Front 16

This does not contain photoreceptors and is also called the blind spot........

Back 16

optic disc

Front 17

What are the cones?

Back 17

the photoreceptors which allow us to see color.

Front 18

The center of the neural portion of th retina is called?

Back 18

Central Fovea

Front 19

These photoreceptors are used in night vision.

Back 19

Rods

Front 20

Rods and cones synapse on these cells.

Back 20

Bipolar Cell Layer

Front 21

TRH

Back 21

thyrotrophin

promotes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin releasing factor (PRL) secretion

Front 22

CRH

Back 22

corticotrophin

promotes adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) secretion

Front 23

TRH

Back 23

thyrotrophin

promotes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin releasing factor (PRL) secretion

Front 24

GnRH

Back 24

gonadotrophin

promotes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Lutenizing Hormone (LH) secretion

Front 25

CRH

Back 25

corticotrophin

promotes adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) secretion

Front 26

PRF

Back 26

Prolactin Releasing Factor

promotes prolactin (PRL secretion

Front 27

GnRH

Back 27

gonadotrophin

promotes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Lutenizing Hormone (LH) secretion

Front 28

GHRH

Back 28

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone

promotes growth hormone (GH) secretion

Front 29

PRF

Back 29

Prolactin Releasing Factor

promotes prolactin (PRL secretion

Front 30

PIF

Back 30

Prolactin Inhibiting Factor

inhibits prolactin (PRL)secretion

Front 31

GHRH

Back 31

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone

promotes growth hormone (GH) secretion

Front 32

GHIH

Back 32

Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone

inhibits growth hormone (GH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Front 33

PIF

Back 33

Prolactin Inhibiting Factor

inhibits prolactin (PRL)secretion

Front 34

OT

Back 34

Oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions
*stored in posterior pituitary

Front 35

GHIH

Back 35

Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone

inhibits growth hormone (GH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Front 36

ADH

Back 36

Antidiuretic Hormone

returns water from kidney tubules to blood
*stored in posterior pituitary

Front 37

HGH

Back 37

Human Growth Hormone

stimulates liver to produce insulin-like growth factors (IGF) that encourage fat, bone and cartilage growth

Front 38

OT

Back 38

Oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions
*stored in posterior pituitary

Front 39

ADH

Back 39

Antidiuretic Hormone

returns water from kidney tubules to blood
*stored in posterior pituitary

Front 40

HGH

Back 40

Human Growth Hormone

stimulates liver to produce insulin-like growth factors (IGF) that encourage fat, bone and cartilage growth

Front 41

TSH

Back 41

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

stimulates thyroid to release thyroid hormone

Front 42

FSH

Back 42

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

stimulates production of eggs or sperm

Front 43

LH

Back 43

Luteinizing Hormone

stimulates ovulation maintains pregnancy

Front 44

PRL

Back 44

Prolactin

after child-birth, stimulates breasts to produce milk

Front 45

ACTH

Back 45

Adrenocorticotrophic

regulates response to stress, stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

Front 46

MSH

(anterior pituitary)

Back 46

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

unknown

Front 47

T3 & T4

(thyroid)

Back 47

Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine

increases metabolic rate, stimuates cellular metabolism to maintain normal body temp, work w/ GH and insulin to promote growth & development

Front 48

CT

(thyroid)

Back 48

Calcitonin

decreases calcium in blood by decreasing osteoclast activity

Front 49

PTH

(parathyroid)

Back 49

Parathyroid Hormone

promotes osteoclasts to reabsorb bone matrix by releasing Ca ++ into bood and slows loss of Ca ++ in urine (raises blood Ca++)

Front 50

The nervous system exerts control through what?

Back 50

Nerve Impulses

Front 51

The endocrine system exerts control with what?

Back 51

chemical messenger molecules called hormones

Front 52

How do hormones work?

Back 52

endocrine glands secrete hormones into the interstitial cells around the gland,
the hormones diffuse into capillaries, blood transports hormones to target organs, target organs do what the hormones tell them to do

Front 53

Circulating Hormones

Back 53

hormones that travel to distant target organs via the bloodstream.

Front 54

Local Hormones

Back 54

hormones that act locally.

Front 55

Paracrines

Back 55

local hormones that act on adjacent cells

Front 56

Autocrines

Back 56

local hormones that act on he cells that secrete them

Front 57

What are the two chemical classes of hormones?

Back 57

Lipid Soluble and Water Soluble

Front 58

Lipid Soluable Examples

Back 58

steroids, thyroid hormones, nitic oxides

Front 59

Water Soluable Examples

Back 59

amines, peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, eicosanoids

Front 60

Most water soluble hormones travel around in what? Are they attached to anything or unattached?

Back 60

Plasma and free and unattached

Front 61

Adosterone

Back 61

target organ is kidneys, increases sodium and decreases potassium reabsorption which helps to adjust BP, Blood volume and promotes excretion of H+ (acids) in urine.

Front 62

Cortisol, Cortisone, Corticosterone

Back 62

targets liver, muscle and cels involved in body defenses

anti inflammatory

Front 63

Androgens

Back 63

promotes sex drive in females, only source of estrogen after menopause

Front 64

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

Back 64

body cells involved in fight or flight response

Front 65

Glucagon

Back 65

increases blood gluclose levels

Front 66

Inuslin

Back 66

decreases blood gluclose levels

Front 67

Somatostatin

Back 67

inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon

Front 68

Pancreatic Polypeptide

Back 68

regulates release of pancreatic enzymes

Front 69

Estrogens/Progesterones

Back 69

regulate menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, prepare breasts for lactation,maintain 2nd sex characteristics

Front 70

Testosterone

Back 70

regulates production of sperm, stimulates development and maintains 2nd sex characteristics

Front 71

Inhibin

Back 71

inhibits secretion of FSH

Front 72

thymosin

Back 72

produced in the thymus, promotes maturation of Tcells that boost immunity

Front 73

Lipid Soluble Hormones

Back 73

bind to transport protein (taxi molecules) to be carried in blood which, makes them temporarily water soluble and prevents them from being filtered by kidneys,.

Front 74

Mechanisms of Hormone Action for Lipid Soluble Hormones

Back 74

got through plasma membrane and bind to and activate receptors INSIDE target cells, activated receptors alter genes, new proteins are formed, new proteins affect the cell's activitiy, cell does what the hormone told it to do

Front 75

Mechanics of Hormone Action for Water Soluble Hormones

Back 75

activate plasma membrane receptors ON target cell, receptor activation sets off a cascade of events inside the cell, the hormone is the first messenger – turns on…, a second messenger (cyclic AMP) is released in the cell, cyclic AMP activates enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions

Front 76

Amplification

Back 76

very small amounts of hormones have big effects on target cells

Front 77

Response of Hormone Target Cell depends on what?

Back 77

hormone concentration, number of target cell receptors, influence of other hormones

Front 78

Permissive Effect

Back 78

one hormone doesn't interfere with another hormone

Front 79

Synergistic Effect

Back 79

one hormone enhances the effect of another hormone.

Front 80

Antagonistic Effect

Back 80

one hormone interferes with he effect of another hormone

Front 81

How are hormones usually released from endocrine glands?

Back 81

short bursts

Front 82

Hormone release is controlled by what?

Back 82

signals from nervous system, chemical changes in blood, other hormones

Front 83

What regulates hormones?

Back 83

negative feedback

Front 84

Hypothalamus

Back 84

links nervous and endocrine systems, forms the floor and walls of the 3rd ventricle of the brain, regulates primitive functions like water balance and sex drive

Front 85

What gland carries out many of the functions of the hypothalamus?

Back 85

the pituitary gland