Sociology-Unit 2

Front 1

Concrete experience

Back 1

is the obtained by seeing, touching, tasting, smelling, or hearing?

Front 2

Percepts

Back 2

Are the smallest bits of concrete experience

Front 3

Patterns

Back 3

are collections of related percepts

Front 4

Abstract experience

Back 4

is the imaginary world of the mind

Front 5

Concepts

Back 5

are abstract terms used to organize concrete experience?

Front 6

Propositions

Back 6

are ideas that result from finding the relationship between couplets.

Front 7

Sample

Back 7

is the part of the population of research interest that is selected for analysis.

Front 8

Population

Back 8

is the entire group about which the researcher wants to generalize.

Front 9

Objectivity

Back 9

is assessed by the degree of consistency between the observations of independent observers.

Front 10

Positivists

Back 10

assume that social realities are objective and are best studied through quantitative research methods.

Front 11

Interpretivists

Back 11

assume that social relatives are subjectively constructed and are best studied through qualitative research methods.

Front 12

deductive reasoning

Back 12

begins with general ideas and proceeds to test their validity on specific cases.

Front 13

Inductive Reasoning

Back 13

begins with concrete cases and proceeds to identify general patterns and themes.

Front 14

Informed Consent

Back 14

is participants acknowledgment that they are aware of the risks of participation and are participating voluntarily.

Front 15

Anonymity

Back 15

occurs when the researcher cannot make a connection between respondents and evidence.

Front 16

Confidentiality

Back 16

occurs when the researcher can make a connection between respondents and evidence but agrees not to do so.

Front 17

Debriefing

Back 17

Involves interviewing participants after a study to clarify what occurred and deal with any fallout related to deception.

Front 18

Hypothesis

Back 18

is the testable form of a proposition.

Front 19

Independent variable

Back 19

Is the presumed cause in a cause and effect relationship

Front 20

Dependent Variable

Back 20

is the presumed effect in a cause and effect relationship.

Front 21

Experiment

Back 21

is a carefully controlled artificial situation that allows researchers is to isolate hypothesized causes and measure their effects precisely.

Front 22

Randomization

Back 22

in an experiment involves assigning each individual by chance processes.

Front 23

Experimental Group

Back 23

is the group that is not exposed to the independent variable.

Front 24

Control Group

Back 24

is the group that is not exposed to the independent variable.

Front 25

Validity

Back 25

is the degree to which results reflect reality

Front 26

Reliability

Back 26

is the degree to which procedures yield consistent results

Front 27

Survey

Back 27

sociologists ask respondents questions about their knowledge, attitudes, or behavior either in a face to face or telephone interview or in a paper and pencil format.

Front 28

Probability Sample

Back 28

the units have a known and non-zero chance of being selected

Front 29

Contingency table

Back 29

is a cross-classification of cases by at least two variables that allow you to see how if at all variables are associated.

Front 30

Relationship

Back 30

exists between two variables if the values of one variable change systemically with the values of the other.

Front 31

Strength

Back 31

of a relationship is determined by the degree to which change in the independent variable is associated with a change in the dependent variable.

Front 32

Control Variable

Back 32

identifies the context for the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable

Front 33

Spurious

Back 33

the relationship an independent variable and a dependent variable is said to be________.

Front 34

Verstehen

Back 34

is a methodological approach the goal of which is to understand the meaning of social experience to participants in social life.

Front 35

Empathy

Back 35

is the process of using imagination to become aware of how others define and interpret thier experience.

Front 36

Reactivity

Back 36

occurs when the presence of a researcher causes the observed people to conceal certain things or act artificially to impress the researcher.

Front 37

Key Informants

Back 37

are community members who are willing and able to provide credible information about an organization's culture, issues, and activities.

Front 38

Analytic memos

Back 38

are field notes that record a researcher's initial understanding of witnessed events.

Front 39

Sensitizing Concepts

Back 39

are used to capture the first impressions about meaningful patterns in field notes.

Front 40

Structured Interviews

Back 40

follow carefully crafted protocols to acquire the respondent's view on predetermined subjects.

Front 41

Unstructured and semi-structured interviews

Back 41

employ loose, open-ended formats, allowing respondents to speak their minds.

Front 42

Cases

Back 42

are used in qualitative research to experience social realities

Front 43

Cases studies

Back 43

focus on the rich description of a single case

Front 44

Authenticity

Back 44

is the extent to which qualitative investigation captures social realities as experienced by insiders.

Front 45

Member Validation

Back 45

asks respondents who were observed and/or interviewed to judge the authenticity of the research narrative.