Sociology Unit 2

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deviance

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behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

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primary deviance

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Primary deviance is any general deviance before the deviant is labeled as such.

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secondary deviance

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any action that takes place after primary deviance as a reaction to the institutions

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Robert Merton's Theory on Deviance

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believed that one important cultural goal in the US is success, measured in money. he said we adapt in certain ways, either by CONFORMING or by DEVIATING from such cultural expectaitons.

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Intergenerational mobility

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changes in the social position of children relative to their parents

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intragenerational mobility

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changes in a social position within a person's adult life

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collective behavior -types (fads, crazes, fashions)

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the relatively spontaneous and unstructured behavior of a group of people who are reactive to a common influence in an ambiguous situation

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social movements

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an organized collective activity to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society

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prejudice

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a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority

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discrimination

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the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons

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institutional discrimination

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the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results fro the normal operations of society

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ethnic group

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a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns

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open stratification system

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a social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his or her achieved status

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closed stratification system

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a social system in which there is little or no possibility of individual social mobility

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life chances

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Max Weber's term for the opportunities people have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences

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caste system

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a hereditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immobile

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daniel bell

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used the term ETHNIC SUCCESSION to describe to sequential passage of leadership in the early 20th cenutry to the early 1930's

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gender roles

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expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activites of males or females

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Ralf Dahrendorf

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contributed to the conflict apporach, modified Marx;s alaysis of capitalist society to apply to modern capitalist societies.

believed social classes are groups of people who share common interests resulting from their authority relationships.

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sexism

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the ideology that one sex is superior to the other

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seuxal harassment

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behavior that occurs when work benefits are made contingent on sexual favors or when touching, lewd comments, or the exhibition of pornographic material creates a hostile environment in the workplace

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a journalist who uses the term beauty myth to refer to an exaggerated ideal of what beauty is

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naomi wolf

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a social position assigned to a person by society without considering the person's talents and characteristics

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ascribed status

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a social position that a person reaches through his or her own efforts

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achieved status

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2 groups of high school males who drank a lot, drove recklessly, committed turancy, theft and vandalism. saints never arrested, roughnecks always in trouble with police and town. this sociologist social class played a role in the boys fortunes

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william chambliss "the saints and the roughnecks"

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prejudged negative action that comes from an attitude

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stereotype

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physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace and social events. imposed on minority groups by dominant groups

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segregation

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belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior

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racism

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process through which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture

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assimilation

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the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation

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genocide

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distinguished difference between 2 levels of social control, conformity and obedience. ex) students will conform to drinking behavior of peers and obey requests of a campus security officer

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stanley milgram

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a structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society

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social stratification

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a ranking of people determined by their gender

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stratification by gender

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uses a 5 class model to describe class system of US. upper class, upper middle, lower middle, working, lower class.

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daniel rossides - social class

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an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of their gender, race or ethnicity

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felice schwartz - the "glass ceiling"

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broad social conditions are transformed in a definite pattern into some form of collective behavior. structural conduciveness, structural strain, a generalized belief, a precipitating factor, mobilization for action and the exercise of social control

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neil smelser - collective behavior

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a subjective awareness of common vested interest and the need for collective political action to create social change

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class consciousness

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a theory of deviance that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to a criminal act

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differential association

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a view of conformity and deviance that suggests our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society's norms

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control theory

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explains why some people are viewed as deviants while others engage in the same behavior and are not

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labeling theory

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any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior

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racial profiling

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uses the phrase second shift to describe the double burden-work outside the home followed by child care and housework-that many women face and few men share equitably PAGE 309

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arlie hochschild