Sociology Midterm Ch 3

Front 1

Proxemics

Back 1

Edward T. Hall
- Culturally specific relations in time and space
- Culture is communication
- "Time is money"
- Diff people have diff proxemics based on varying factors such as age, gender, religion, etc.

Front 2

Intimate Distance

Back 2

0-1 ft.
- Touching is primary sense

Front 3

Personal Distance

Back 3

1-4 ft.
- Friends, verbal, visual, intimate in public

Front 4

Social Distance

Back 4

4-12 ft.
- Business, more formal, interpersonal, visual, verbal

Front 5

Public Distance

Back 5

12+ ft.
- Formal setting, reduced vision, reduced hearing

Front 6

Non-Material Culture

Back 6

Five major components:
1. Symbols
2. Language
3. Values
4. Beliefs
5. Norms/Rules

Front 7

Material Culture

Back 7

Products, ex: food, cap, iPhone

Front 8

Symbols

Back 8

Anything that carries a meaning recognized by people who share a culture. Allow for continuity.

Front 9

Language

Back 9

System of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another. Largest system.
- Proceeds thought
- Culture determines language

Front 10

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Back 10

- Language proceeds thought
- Culture determines language

Front 11

Values

Back 11

Abstract ideas or generally accepted standards of behaviour, culturally decided and broad guidelines for evaluating. Ideal or real.

Front 12

Ideal Values

Back 12

Values we claim to hold

Front 13

Real Values

Back 13

Standards we actually follow

Front 14

Beliefs

Back 14

Specific statements that people hold to be true or fase

Front 15

Norms/Rules

Back 15

Defining principle by which society come to govern itself. Differ from values, more precise rules.

Front 16

Perscriptive Norms

Back 16

What you should do (etiquette)

Front 17

Proscriptive Norms

Back 17

What you shouldn't do

Front 18

Three Types of Norms

Back 18

1. Folkways- informal customs (etiquette)
2. Mores (Mos)- Customs considered to be correct or necessary for group survival. Strong held norms based on cultural values, moral/ethical, protects majority of people. Ex: taboo is very strong more
3. Laws- Formal rules with sanctions rewards/punishments written (codified)

Front 19

Civil Law

Back 19

Disputes between persons usually resulting in compensation

Front 20

Criminal Law

Back 20

Public Safety resulting in fines or imprisonment

Front 21

Subculture

Back 21

A group of people within a single society who possesses, in addition to cultural practices that they share with larger society, certain distinct cultural practices that set them apart.

Front 22

Counterculture

Back 22

Group within a single society who strongly opposes the cultural patterns widely accepted within that society, seen as threat the larger society.
Ex: KKK, hippies

Front 23

Cultural Universal

Back 23

Customs shared across the world
- Murdock 70+ cultural universals such as social institutions, appearance, activities.
- Cultural diversity much more prevalent

Front 24

Cultural Diffusion

Back 24

How we see cultural diversity:
- Exploration
- Military encounters
- Media
- Tourism
- Migration
- Expanding global economy

Front 25

Cultural Lag

Back 25

Period of maladjustment when non-material culture is struggling to adapt to new material conditions.
- "Macondaldization" of society
- Rule have not caught up to society
- Privacy and censorship have not caught up with internet and technology

Front 26

Ethnocetrism

Back 26

Belief that ones own cultural view is superior or correct view
- Make judgments based on ones own culture
- "Us" vs. "Them"
- Blind from learning about what this place may have to offer
- Superiority complex

Front 27

Cultural Relativism

Back 27

Opposite of ethnocentrism
- Judging a culture by it's own standards
- Can find any behaviour in the world but it's always ethical and/or justifiable

Front 28

Cultural Materialism

Back 28

Cultural beliefs are a rational adaptation to material conditions, rational adaptation to our environment.
Ex: Hinduism "Cow Love"

Front 29

Urban Legends (Modern Folklore)

Back 29

Values are enclosed in the stories
1. Passed on by word of mouth
2. People who repeat them believe them to be true
3. Associated with some nearby geographical region
4. Almost always completely false

Front 30

Structural Functionalism and Culture

Back 30

- Shared norms create stability and are necessary
- Society depends on culture for order
- How does it function to ensure survival of society

Front 31

Conflict Theory and Culture

Back 31

- Norms and values set by dominant class to keep control and power
- Do this through religion, education, etc.
- Hero making functions to promote elite interest

Front 32

Symbolic Interactionist and Culture

Back 32

- Symbolic expression of a culture
- Cultural influences people and people influence culture
- Culture is not static

Front 33

Feminism and Culture

Back 33

- Often like conflict theorists
- Hunting vs. gathering (which played a larger role)
- Gendered division of labor (didn't exist in our past, helps us believe we can change it in the future)
- How dominant ideology contributes to control and marginalization of women

Front 34

Androcentrism

Back 34

Most frequent, male centred with female exclusion

Front 35

Gynocentricity

Back 35

Female centrism with male exclusion