Sociology Chapters 5 & 6: Quiz 2

Front 1

Aggregate

Back 1

A collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common.

Front 2

Authoritarian leaders

Back 2

Leaders who make all major group decisions and assign tasks to members

Front 3

Bureaucracy

Back 3

An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters.

Front 4

Bureaucratic personality

Back 4

A psychological construct that describes those workers who are more concerned with following correct procedures than they are with getting the job done correctly.

Front 5

category

Back 5

A number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic, such as education level, age, race, or gender.

Front 6

conformity

Back 6

The process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group.

Front 7

democratic leaders

Back 7

Leaders who encourage group discussion and decision making through consensus building.

Front 8

dyad

Back 8

A group composed of two members.

Front 9

expressive leadership

Back 9

Leadership that provides emotional support for members.

Front 10

goal displacement

Back 10

A process that occurs in organizations when the rules become an end in themselves rather than a means to an end, and organizational survival becomes more important than achievement of goals.

Front 11

groupthink

Back 11

The process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise

Front 12

ideal type

Back 12

An abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon.

Front 13

informal side of a bureaucracy

Back 13

Those aspects of participants' day-to-day activities and interactions that ignore, bypass, or do not correspond with the official rules and procedures of the bureaucracy.

Front 14

ingroup

Back 14

A group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity.

Front 15

instrumental leadership

Back 15

Goal- or task-oriented leadership

Front 16

iron law of oligarchy

Back 16

According to Robert Michels, the tendency of bureaucracies to be ruled by a few people.

Front 17

laissez-faire leaders

Back 17

Leaders who are only minimally involved in decision making and who encourage group members to make their own decisions.

Front 18

outgroup

Back 18

A group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.

Front 19

rationality

Back 19

The process by which traditional methods of social organization, characterized by informality and spontaneity, are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.

Front 20

reference group

Back 20

A group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitude, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.

Front 21

small group

Back 21

A collectivity small enough for all members to be acquainted with one another and to interact simultaneously.

Front 22

triad

Back 22

A group composed of three members.

Front 23

Corporate crime

Back 23

Illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support.

Front 24

Crime

Back 24

Behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions.

Front 25

Criminal justice system

Back 25

The local, state, and federal agencies that enforce laws, adjudicate crimes, and treat and rehabilitate criminals.

Front 26

Criminology

Back 26

The systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and prisons.

Front 27

Deviance

Back 27

Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.

Front 28

Differential association theory

Back 28

The proposition that individuals have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with persons who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity.

Front 29

Illegitimate opportunity structures

Back 29

Circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate actives what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels.

Front 30

Juvenile delinquency

Back 30

A violation of law or the commission of a status offense by young people.

Front 31

Labeling theory

Back 31

The proposition that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the label placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.

Front 32

Occupational (white-collar) crime

Back 32

Illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs.

Front 33

Organized crime

Back 33

A business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit.

Front 34

Political crime

Back 34

Illegal or unethical acts involving the usurpation of power by government officials, or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it.

Front 35

Primary deviance

Back 35

The initial act of rule breaking.

Front 36

Property crimes

Back 36

Burglary (breaking into private property to commit a serious crime), motor vehicle theft, larceny-theft (theft of property worth $50 or more), and arson.

Front 37

Punishment

Back 37

Any action designed to deprive a person of things of value (including liberty) because of some offense the person is thought to have committed.

Front 38

Secondary deviance

Back 38

The process that occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior.

Front 39

Social bond theory

Back 39

The proposition that the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken.

Front 40

Social control

Back 40

Systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance.

Front 41

Strain theory

Back 41

The proposition that people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.

Front 42

Terrorism

Back 42

The calculated unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective.

Front 43

Tertiary deviance

Back 43

Deviance that occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as non-deviant.

Front 44

Victimless crimes

Back 44

Crimes involving a willing exchange of illegal goods or services among adults.

Front 45

Violent crime

Back 45

Actions--murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault--involving force or the threat of force against others.