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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Material Culture
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The material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as thier art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewlery. |
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Culture
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*Society cannot exist without culture. |
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Non Material Culture |
Groups way of thinking (beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing it's common patterns of behavior, including language and other froms of interaction. |
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Culture Within Us
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*We came into this world without a language (Social Location) |
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Culture Shock |
*Cannot use what is "right" *Our "right" is different |
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Ethnocentrism
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-Positive: in-group loyalties -Negative: discrimmination |
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Cultural Relativism
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*Can be difficult to do *Have to refocus our lens **Objectivity |
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Symbolic Culture |
-Consists of symbols that people use. |
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Symbol |
Something to which people attach meaning and then use to communicate with one another. |
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Gestrues
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*Short hand conveyance *EX: Giving the finger in North America -know gestures of other cultures is important |
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Language |
-Primary communication |
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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*Perceptions are embedded in that language *Language shapes the way we think *EX: Jam vs. Jelly |
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Values |
*Values are codified in norms |
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Norms |
*Contextual |
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Sanctions
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Either expressions of approval given to people for following norms or expressions of disaproval for violating them . |
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Postive Sanction |
Reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward. |
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Negative Sanction |
Expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prize or prison sentence. |
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Mores
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Norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or wellbeing of the group. |
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Folkways
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Norms that are not strickly enforced. |
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Taboo |
Norm so strong that it brings extreme sanctions, even revulsion if violated. |
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Subculture
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*Specialized communication *To outsiders can be foreign *Specialized values and interests *EX: Hippies of the 60's *Opposition to broader culture |
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Counterculture |
Group whose values, beliefs, norms, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to broader culture. |
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Pluralistic Society |
-EX: Religion, racial, ethnic, hunters |
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Core Values
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Values that are central to a group. Those around which a group builds a common identity. |
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Robin Williams 10 Core Values |
2-Individualsim: failure is your own fault 3-Hard Work: financial success 4-Efficienty and Practicality: work fast 5-Science and Technology: science control nature 6-Material Comfort: fast car, big house 7-Freedom 8-Democracy: majority rule 9-Equality: equal oppourtunity 10-Group Superiority: denied inferior group freedoms |
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Henslin 3 Values
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1-Education: go as far in school as you can 2-Religiosity: believe in a supreme being 3-Romanitc Love: love conqures all |
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Value Cluster
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*Values that compliment each other -EX: Success = Hard Work + Education |
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Value Contradicton |
*Major force for social change in a society. *Trandionalist vs Advocate for Change
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Emerging Value Cluster |
2-Slef-fullfillment: be all you can be 3-Physical fitness: nutrition, weight, gyms 4-Youthfullness: deny/postpone biological fate 5-Concern for Environment: pollution laws
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Real Culture
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-EX: Usually falls short of idea culture. Most people don't work as hard as they could. |
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Ideal Culture |
-EX: Be careful, is not the same as real culture. Only ideal. |
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Cultural Universial |
Value, norm cultural trait that is found in every group. |
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Soiobiology |
Framework of thought which human behavior is considered to be the result of natural selection and biological factors. Fundamental cause of human behavior. |
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New Technology
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Emerging technologies of an era that have a signifigant impact on social life. |
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Technology |
Narrow sense, tools; broader sense includes skills and procedures necessary to make and use these tools. *Framework for nonmaterial culture *Patriarchy - Men not as dominate because women have more freedoms with technology |
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Cultural Lag |
-Material culture usually changes first. -EX: Can use google for ideas of medicaitons to cure an illness, however still visit docotr. |
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Cultural Leveling |
*William Ogburn -Golden Arches in many countires. -Blander and less distinct way of life. |
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Cultural Diffusion |
Spread of cultural traits from one group to another; includes both material and nonmaterial cultre traits. *Technology influences significantly |
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Social Environment
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Entire human environment, including interacting with others. |
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Feral Children
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Children assumed to have been raised by animals, in the wilderness, isolated from humans. |
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Socialization |
The process by which people learn the characteristics of their group. The knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, norms, and actions thought appropriate for them. |
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Self
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*See ourselves from the outside *Modifying self is a lifelong process |
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Looking Glass Self
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Term coined by Charles Horotn Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others reaction to us. |
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Taking the Role of the Other |
*George Mead |
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Signifigant Other |
*George Mead |
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Generalized Other
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Norms, values, attitudes and expectations of people "in general". The child's ability to take the role of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of a self. |
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Id
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-Pleasure seeking. -Immediate fulfillment of basic needs (food, sex, safety, attention). |
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Ego |
Freud's term for a balancing force between the Id and the demands of society. |
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Superego
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-Moral component. -Guilt or shame. |
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Gender |
-Masculinity or femininity. |
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Gender Socialization
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Learning societies "gender map". The paths in life that are set out for us because we are male or female.
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Peer Group |
*Significant agents of socialization |
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Mass Media
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*Females are portrayed as dependent and the focus is on body image |
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Social Inequality |
Social condition in which privileges and obligations are given to some but denied to others. |
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Agents of Socializtion
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People or groups that affect our self concept, attitudes, behviors, or other orientiaons toward life. |
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Manifest Functions |
The intended beneficial consequences of peoples acitons. |
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Latent Function
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Unintended beneficial consequences of peoples actions. |
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Anticipatory Socializtion
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*Mental rehearsal for future role *Work becomes a part of your self-concept -Think of yourself in terms of your job -EX: I am a teacher. |
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Resocialization |
*Contrast to original beliefs *New and different way of looking at life |
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Total Institution
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-Boot camp, prison, West Point. *Erving Goffman |
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Degradation Ceremony
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Itarold Garfinkel : a term to refer to a virtual whose goal is to remake someone's self by strippng away that individuals self identity in its place. -EX: Shave your head at boot camp. |
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Life Course
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*Differ by social location |
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Transitional Adulthood
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Referring to a period following high school when young adults have not yet taken on the responsilibilties ordinarily associated with adulthood. *Post Industrial (service economy) creates transitional adulthood |
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Transitional Older Years
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-Age 65-74 |
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Cooley and the Looking Glass Self
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1-imagine how we appear to others. 2-interpret others reactions 3-self concept (Symbolic interactionist) |
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Mead and Role Taking
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Sig - mother/father Gen- Baseball - player knows their position as well as all other positions 1-imitaion = mimic, age 3- 2-play = pretend to be someone specifc (Spiderman), age 3-6 3-team games= when enter school |
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Mead "I" and "Me"
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Me = Self as object, attitudes we internalize from interactions with others. |
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Ekman - 6 Global Emotions |
-Persons who are born blind show same facial expression, proving not a learned behavior. |
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Corridor Curriculum
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-Racism. sexism, illicit ways to make money, coolness and superiority. |
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Hidden Curriculum
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-"Cultural message" --Patriotism, democracy, justice, and honesty. |
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Marcosociology
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-Functionalist and conflict theorists. *Marx
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Microsociology
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-Symbolic interactionist (social interaction) |
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Social Interaction
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One person's actions influencing someone else; usually refers to what people do when they are in one another's presence, but also includes communications at a distance. |
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Social Structure
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-This framework gives direction to and sets limits on our behavior. -Overrides personal feelings and desires. |
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Social Class
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-Large group of people who rank close to one another in property, power and prestige. -Marx -Two groups --Capitolists = own the means of production --Workers = sell their labor |
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Status
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-Guidelines for how we are to act and feel. - Limits what can and cannot do. *Occupy a status. |
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Status Set
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-Changes throughout life. *EX: I am a wife, daughter, student, aunt etc. *Can have multiple status sets at any given time. |
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Ascribed Status
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Position an individual either inherits at birth of inoluntaryily recives later in life. - Key Words=Involuntary -race, sex, social class of parents -teenager, senior citizen **Religion |
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Achieved Status
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-Key Words=Voluntary -positive = College President --negative = Bank Robber |
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Status Symbols
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Individuals of a status; items that display prestige -Positive = Wedding ring to show marital status -Negative = A worn on clothing to show adultoror |
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Master Status |
*Can be involuntary or vonluntary -Male or Female -Disfigured person = condition becomes master status |
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Status Inconsistency
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-Status discrepency (Statuses have built in norms) -Inconsistency upsets expectations --14 yr old college studnet |
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Role
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Behavior, obligation and privilages attatched to a status. -begin at birth --expect you to act as boy or girl -certain amount of freedom -keep people in line *play a role |
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Groups |
-Yield the right for others to judge us -Powerful forces *Membership |
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Robert Edgerton (attack on Cultural Relitivism)
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Quality of life scale. *How can we judge cultures that aren't morally equivilant. |
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Language
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Allows culture to exist
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Veil of Race -Cultural Diversity in the United States |
Judge men by their souls not their skin *"Colored people to people of color." |
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Formal Sanction
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Written down *Formalized *EX: Written into the constitution |
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George Murdoch
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Universal Customs *Universal activities -EX: Each culture shares activities, however they are preformed differently among different cultures. |
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Are we prisoners of our genes?
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Genes don't determine peoples behavior. *Influence of genes is modified by experience. |
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The case of Oskar and Jack
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Identical twins - separated at birth. *Have some similarities and some differences. *Social experience overrides biology |
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Isolated Children
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No natural language *What will you become if there is no culture? Language is key to development of culture and human behavior. **Isabel was not human when she was found. |
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Orphanage Experiment in the United States -Skeels and Dye |
Foster care children (experimental group) *Better socially adjusted *More brain cells Orphanage (control group) |
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Timing and Human Development
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Case of Genie -13 years old when found -Scored level 1 years old on intelligence test **Intelligence depends on early interaction with other humans |
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Goldberg and Lewis
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Gender socialization -Girls were rewarded for passive behavior. *Parents subtly signal gender lessons |
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Melvin Kohns
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Social class effects how parents rear their children *Working class parents = wildflower children -Develop naturally *Middle class parents = tender house plant children -Guidance if they are to flower |
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Day Care Children
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Children who attend day care have a weaker bond with parents, and are therefor less affectionate, and less cooperative.
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Adolescence
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Social invention *Kids no longer needed to work on the family farm, and are able to focus more on education etc. *Industrialization redefined life course -Tenderized children. |
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Are we prisoners of socialization?
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We are actively involved in the construction of our "self" *We can change our socialization to a degree -EX: We can chose a new group of people to associate with. |
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How would functionalist and conflict theorist talk about the street corner men?
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Functionalist *They have a place in society and they are preforming a function Conflict Theorist *They are the bottom of the social class and have no function. ***MACRO LEVEL |
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How would symbolic interactionist talk about the street corner men?
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They would focus on the face to face interactions between the men. *Survival strategies = hustling *Relationships between one another ***MICRO LEVEL |
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Social Determinism
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Social location significantly determines our behavior. *If you were to switch places with someone, your behavior and attitudes would change. |
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Social Institutions
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The organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs. *Vitally effect your life. |
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Functionalist and Social Institutions
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Functional Requisites (5) **First priority is to survive 1-Replace members 2-Socailize new members 3-Produce and distribute good and services 4-Preserving order 5-Providing a sense of purpose |
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Conflict Theorists and Social Institutions
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Power control -Want to keep power *Man of the family wants to stay on "top" ***Feminists more likely to use Conflict Theory |
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Social Integration
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The degree to which members of a group or a society are united by shared values and other social bonds *Social Cohesion |
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Mechanical Solidarity
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Durkheim's term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same of similar tasks. *People who perform similar tasks share a way of viewing life. **Farming community. **Little diversity.
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Division of Labor
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The splitting of a group's or a society's task into specialties. *EX: One person mines the gold, then someone makes jewelry, then someone sells it. **Each person contributes to the group. |
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Organic Solidarity
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Durkheim's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; as part of the same unit, we all depend on others to fulfill their jobs. *Think of the organs in your body and how they depend on one another to ensure proper functioning. **Independent solidarity |
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Gemeinschaft
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Type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness. *Village life. **Mechanical Solidarity |
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Gesellschaft
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Type of society that is dominated by impersonal relaitonships, individual accomplishments, and self interest. *Short term relationships **Organic Solidarity |
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Symbolic Interactionists
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Examine the "symbols" that influence "interaction" *MICRO **Stereotypes, personal space, eye contact, smiling, and body language |
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Stereotypes
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Assumptions of what people are like, whether ture or false. *What "we've been told" about a "category" of people. |
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Beauty May Be Only Skin Deep, But It's effects Go On Forever
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College men were given a picture a woman and told they would meet in person after a phone conversation. -The piture they were given was not the woman they met. -Men spoke warm, friendly to "pretty" woman -Men spoke cold and unfriendly to "homly" woman ****Stereotypes tend to produce behaviors. |
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Personal Space
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Our "bubble" -Open only to intimates -Carry books in arms to protect ourselves -South American persons like to be closer Four Distacne Zones 1-intimate = 18in 2-personal = 18in - 4ft 3-social = 4ft - 12ft 4-public = 12ft++ |
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Eye Contact
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Protect personal bubble by use of eye contact -Eye contact could be a sign of invitaion to intimacy -Woman are careful with whom they use eye contact |
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Smiling
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United States = someone doesn't smile at the grocery store they are rude Germany = clerk at the grocrery store is smiling and they do not take thier job seriously. |
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Body Language
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Ways in which people use their bodies to give messages to others. *Interpreting those messages. **facial expressions, posture, and gestrues. |
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Dramaturgy - Erving Goffman
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Social life is anaylzed in terms of drama or the stage. *Dramaturgical analysis **Presentation of self in everyday life. ***Socialization consists of learning to perform on the stage of life. ***Self is the center of our performance. |
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Impression Management
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People's efforts to control the impressions that others recieve of them. *Use our roles in everyday life to communicate these ideas. |
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Front Stage
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Places where people give performance. *Perform the roles assinged to us. *EX: Wait to tell your parents bad news when they are in a good mood. |
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Back Stage
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Places where people rest from their performances, discuss their presentations, and plan future performances. *When you close your bedroom door for privacy. |
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Role Performance
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Ways in which someone performs a role; showing a particular "style" or "personality". *Ideal role daughter = coming home on time, being respectful, and happily running errands. |
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Role Conflict
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Conflict that someone feels between roles because the expectations attached to one role are at odds with those attached to another role. *Military personal who is also a husband cannot show affection to his wife while in uniform. **MULTIPLE ROLES CONFLICT WITH EACHOTHER** |
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Role Strain
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Conflicts that someone feels within a role. *You are prepared for class assignment, and when the professor asks a question and you know the answer, however you do not want to make other studies look bad. **ONE ROLE** |
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Sign Vehicles
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Term used by Goffman to refer to how people use social setting, appearance, and manner to communicate information about the self.
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Teamwork
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Collaboration of two or more people to manage impressions jointly. *Being a good role player brings positive responses from others. **Laugh at teachers jokes - even if they are not funny. |
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Mass Media in Social Life "Nothing Tastes as good as Thin Feels" |
Messages that men and women receive everyday. -Woman = be skinnier -Men = be more muscular
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Face-Saving Behavior
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Techniques used to salvage a performance (interaction) that is going sour. *Stomach growls in a quite environment and no one says anything. **Studied Nonobservance |
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Becoming the Roles we Play
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"Who am I, now that I am not a police officer, or a wife?"
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Ethnomethodology
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Study of how people use background assumptions to make sense out of life. *Harold Garfinkel |
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Back Ground Assumptions
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Deeply embedded, common understanding of how the world operates and of how people ought to act. **Dr would not cut your hair, even if he was good at it, and you needed one. **Ex: Students go home and act if they are boarders in their parents home. |
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Thomas Theorem
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William I. and Dorothy S. Thomas' classic formulation of the definition of the situation: "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences". *Identical twins Jack and Oskar - One loved Hitler and the other hated him. Not because of his actions, but because of how we view his actions. |
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Social Construction of Reality
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Use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real. *Through interaction with others, we construct reality. **Learn ways of interpreting our experiences in life. |
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Need both Macro and Micro Sociology
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Macro = Large Scale Micro = Small Scale |
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William Chambliss
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Saints - "good" kids -Got drunk, skipped school *Good reputation set them up for success in life. Roughnecks- "bad" kids -Got drunk, skipped school *Bad reputation set them up for failure in life. |
