Sociology 190 Test #2

Front 1

What are the Characteristics of Bureaucracy?

Back 1

Administrative component of formal organization in which rules and hierarchical ranking are used to achieve efficiency

Front 2

What are the characteristics of Bureaucracy?

Back 2

Specific Management Approach: workers are motivated to produce entirely through economic rewards

Human Relations Approach: Workers are motivated by relationships, communication, and participation within a bureaucracy.

Front 3

What are the Types Groups? Explain what they are and give examples.

Back 3

Collection of people who interact regularly and form social relationships

Primary Group: small group characterized by intimate face-to-face interaction and cooperation; comprised of significant others

Secondary Group: formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy; formed to complete a task or goal

In-Group: "Us"; a group to which a person feels like he/she belongs

Out-Group: "Them"; a group in which a person feels like he/she doe NOT belong

Reference Groups: started for evaluating one's own behavior; any group one uses to evaluate one's own group

Small Group: groups small enough for all members to be interacting s

Front 4

What are social statuses? What is the difference between Ascribed and Achieved status? What is a master status? Give examples for each.

Back 4

Social Status: refers to any of the socially defined positions within a group or society; ex: president, daughter, student, neighbor

Ascribed Statues: a status one is born into/ with; ex: sister, brother, age

Achieved Status: a status that one has to earn; ex: friend, employee, classmate

Master Status: a status that dominates other and determines a person's general position in society--it is assigned by others and varies by setting

Front 5

What are social roles? What is Role Strain? What is role conflict? What is role exit? Give an example for each.

Back 5

Social Roles: sets of expected behaviors for people who occupy a certain status; ex:

mothers are supposed to be loving and caring toward their children no matter what and still make them functioning humans

Role Strain: challenge that results from differing expectations associated with the same social position; ex: being editor-in-chief

Role Conflict: challenge occupying two or more social positions simultaneously; honor roll student and editor-in-chief and swim team captain

Role Exit: disengaging from a role that is central to one's self identity and reestablishment of a new role; mother w/children at home to mother w/out children at home or editor-in-chief to college freshman

Front 6

What are social networks? Explain and give examples.

Back 6

A series of social relationships that link a person directly to others and through them indirectly to still more people. Example: Employment links a person to other employees within store and (if a chain) other stores as well. RVC = students meeting new students, teachers, administration, etc.

Front 7

What are social institutions? Explain and give examples.

Back 7

Organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs. Example: private vs. public school, catholic church vs. heartland, etc.

Front 8

What is a preindustrial society? What is an industrial society? What is a post industrial society?

Back 8

Preindustrial Society: rely on what's readily available; ex: 3rd world countries

Industrial Society: depend on mechanization to produce its goods/services; ex: U.S.A, Britain

Post Industrial Society: economic system is engaged primarily in the processing/control of information; ex: countries/nations that provide mostly services

Front 9

What is the Functionalist View of Mass Media? Give an example of each.

Back 9

Agent of Socialization: mass media provides a collective experience for members of a society

Enforcer of Social Norms: The media often reaffirms proper behavior by showing images that enforce cultural value

Conferral of Status: the mass media confers status on people, organizations, and public issues

Surveillance of the Social Environment: surveillance function refers to the collection/distribution of information concerning events in the social environment

Dysfunctional Media (the Narcotizing Effect): providing massive amounts of information makes the audience become numb and fail to act on the information

Front 10

What is the Conflict View on Mass Media? Give examples.

Back 10

The media reflect and exacerbate the divisions of our society and world (gender, race, ethnicity, and social class)

Gate Keeping: within the mass media, a relatively small number of people control material eventually reaches the audience

Dominant Ideology: (Constructing Reality) the media transmit messages that virtually define what we regard as the real world

Front 11

What is the Feminist View of Mass Media? Give Examples.

Back 11

The images of the sexes communicate unrealistic, stereotypical, and limiting perspectives.

Front 12

What is the Interactionist View on Mass Media? Give examples.

Back 12

The examine the media on the micro-level to see how they shape day-to-day social behavior.

Front 13

What is globalization? Give examples.

Back 13

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.

Front 14

What is the difference between conformity and obedience? Give examples.

Back 14

Conformity: going along with peers (people who have similar/same status) who have no special right to direct our behavior; ex: attitudes, clothing, etc.

Obedience: combine with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure; ex: Stanley Milgrim shock experiment, following rules at place of employment

Front 15

What is the difference between formal and informal social control?

Front 16

What is Deviance? Give examples.

Back 16

Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.

Stigma: describes the labels society uses to devalue members of a certain social class/groups

Front 17

What is the Functionalist Perspective on Deviance? Give examples.

Back 17

Focus: how people adapt to the demands of society

Elements: goals and means

Results: Anomie

Anomie: a state of normlessness that occurs during periods of profound social change; ex: prohibition, women's suffrage, gender identity/sexual orientation

Front 18

What is the Interactionist Perspective on Deviance? Give examples.

Back 18

Focus: degree of exposure to attitudes favorable to deviance/crime

Elements: primary groups--frequency, duration, intensity

Result: conformity or deviance

The Routine Activities Theory: criminal victimization is increased when motivated offenders have suitable targets

Labeling Theory: how a person comes to be viewed and labelled a "deviant"

Sutherland's Differential Association Theory: through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior

Front 19

What is the Conflict Perspective on Deviance? Give Examples.

Back 19

Focus: people with power protect their own interests and define deviance to suit their own needs

Front 20

What is the Feminist Perspective on Deviance? Give Examples.

Back 20

Society tends to treat women in stereotypical fashion

Deviance, including crime, tends to flow from economic relationships

Front 21

What are the different types of crime? Examples.

Back 21

Professional Crime: pursued as a person's day-to-day occupation

Organized Crime: work of a hierarchical group that regulates regulations between various criminal enterprises through a business

White Collar and Technology-Based Crime: committed in the course of business activities, often by affluent people

Victimless Crime: willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services

Front 22

What is social stratification? Give examples.

Back 22

Structured ranking of entire groups of people according to social attributes; ex: income, wealth, power, prestige, etc.

Social Class variables

Result = social inequality: members of a society different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power

Front 23

What are the systems of social stratification? Explain what they are.

Back 23

Slavery: the most extreme form of social inequality

Castes: hereditary systems of rank, usually religiously dictated, that tend to be immobile

Social Classes: systems of social ranking based on economic position

Front 24

What is Marx's class theory? Explain

Back 24

Core Idea: Tension and struggle between classes (production owners (bourgeosie) and workers (proletariat))

Surplus of Labor = Exploitation

Objective Class: "class in itself"

Subjective Class: "class for itself"

Class conciousness: unity of working class for revolt/change

Front 25

What is the Functionalist Perspective on social Stratification?

Back 25

Core Idea: Stratification is functional to complex society

Distribution of wealth

Consequence of too much equality?

Front 26

What is Poverty?

Back 26

Absolute Poverty: minimum level of substinence that no family should live below

Relative Poverty: standard by which people are defined as being disadvantaged when compared to the nation of a whole

Front 27

What is the difference between formal and informal social control?

Back 27

Formal Social Control: Formal social control is implemented by authorized agents including police officers, employers, military officers, and others. It is carried out as a last option at some places when the desired behavior is not possible through informal social control.

Informal Social Control: It is expressed through norms and customs. Social control is performed by informal agents on their own in an unofficial capacity.Shame, sarcasm, criticism, ridicule and disapproval are some of the informal sanctions.

Front 28

What are some methods to collecting crime statistics?

Back 28

UCR!

Front 29

What is the difference between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft?

Back 29

Gemeinschaft: small community in which people have similar backgrounds and life experiences

Gesellschaft: large community in which people are strangers and feel little in common with other residents.