Sociology 105 Test 2

Front 1

Dowry

Back 1

Money or property given by a bride’s family to a groom and his family for marrying a daughter.

Front 2

Dowry Death

Back 2

A groom and his family kills a bride because they did not receive as much dowry as they requested.

Front 3

Bride Price

Back 3

A groom’s family pay’s a bride’s family for their loss of workforce.

Front 4

Grassroots Development

Back 4

Creating change by starting at the bottom of the system. Dealing directly with the people rather than reforming through the government.

Front 5

Grameen Bank

Back 5

Bangladesh, 1983
– Muhammad Yunus
- Provides micro loans to poor people to start their own business
- 94% of borrowers are women
- Collective borrower responsibility

Front 6

Understand the 3 economic conditions of women, identified by the United Nations in 1995.

Back 6

1. Women do 2/3 of the world’s work
2. Women earn 1/10 of the world’s income
3. Women own 1/100 of the world’s property

Front 7

Why should we care about gender issues in the Third World?

Back 7

1. Many agricultural jobs are solely fulfilled by women.
2. Globalization of the economy – Feminization of industrial employment.
3. Women tend to be responsible for raising children.
4. Population explosion in the 3rd world.
5. Equality.

Front 8

What is the goal set by the United Nations regarding female representation in national –level political positions? How many nations have achieved this goal as of 2008?

Back 8

1. The U.N. goal is to have 30% of elected officials to be filled by women.
2. 32 nations have achieved this goal by 2008.

Front 9

What are two types of gender affirmative action in politics?

Back 9

1. Position Quota: A certain number of positions are set aside for women.
2. Candidate Quota: A party must place a certain number of female candidates in a ballot.

Front 10

How many countries use some form of gender based quota in politics?

Back 10

111 nations currently use some form of gender-based quota in politics.

Front 11

Which nation has the highest percentage of female representation in it’s elected national political position?

Back 11

Rwanda had 56% in 2008.

Front 12

What were some shared characteristics of past leaders in developing nations?

Back 12

1. Elite families.
2. Highly Educated.
3. Entered politics to continue the work of their husbands or fathers.

Front 13

Examples of Women Leaders

Back 13

1. Indira Gandhi (India)
2. Benazir Bhutto (Pakistan)
3. Corazon Aquino (Philippines)
4. Violetta B. de Chammoro (Nicaragua)
Exception: Ellen Johnson – Sirleaf (Liberia, 2006)

Front 14

Which country elected the first female president in Africa in 2006?

Back 14

Liberia

Front 15

What is behind the practice of female infanticide?

Back 15

1. Better than condemning for a lifetime of misery.
2. Economic Burden (dowry)
3. Myth of sacrifice for a son from the next pregnancy

Front 16

What was the local custom of Kyrgyzstan as depicted as in the video?

Back 16

Bride Kidnapping

Front 17

In class, Mr. T related the conditions such as dowry death in India and this Kyrgyzstan tradition to the movie Mean Girls. Explain how they show the operation of a similar mechanism that maintains a patriarchal domination.

Back 17

In the movie, Regina George achieves a social position with a measurable amount of power. Instead of using this power to stop the oppression of women, she only adds to it by oppressing them herself. This is similar to the Kyrgyzstan tradition in that it is the mothers and grandmothers who try to convince the girl into staying with the kidnapper because they want additional house laborers. They themselves perpetuate the oppression of women.

Front 18

How can we achieve women’s empowerment?

Back 18

1. Economics Development and cultural change
2. Political participation
3. Educational Advancement
4. Grassroots Development

Front 19

Question: According to 1995 declaration at the UN Conference on Women, how many percent of the world's income do women earn?

a) 33.3%
b) 10%
c) 3.3%
d) 1%

Back 19

b) 10%

Front 20

Question: Which of the following accurately describes a local custom of Kyrgyzstan?

a) A young Kyrgyz woman is kinapped to be a bride
b) A family that saves 50% of the earnings is expelled from a village
c) Boys must engage in family chores once he reaches 10 years old, while girls are not allowed to engage until 14
d) A woman can have as many as three husbands

Back 20

a) A young Kyrgyz woman is kinapped to be a bride

Front 21

Question: What is dowry death?

a) Killing of a bride by a groom and his family because of a dowry dispute
b) Killing of a baby girl by parents because they do not want to pay a dowry
c) Suicide by a bride's parent because they paid dowry and had no money or property
d) Killing of animals to curse a bride's family so that they will pay a promised dowry

Back 21

a) Killing of a bride by a groom and his family because of a dowry dispute

Front 22

Question: Which nation has the highest percentage of female representation in its elected national political positions today?

a) Sweden
b) Rwanda
c) India
d) Botswana
e) Norway

Back 22

b) Rwanda

Front 23

Question: Each year, newborn girls in India are killed by their mothers. What is/are behind this practice of female infanticide?

a) There is a belief that sacrificing a daughter guarantees a son in the next pregnancy
b) There is a view that sentencing a daughter to death is better than condemning her to life as a woman in the third world.
c) Families cannot afford the dowry that will be demanded for a girl's marriage
d) both B and C
e) All of the above

Back 23

e) All of the above

Front 24

Question:Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of the Grameen Bank, identified in class?

a) It provides micro-loans to poor people to start their own business
b) It started in 1983 in Bangladesh
c) Currently, 94% of the borrowers are men
d) It requires borrowers to assume collective borrower responsibility

Back 24

c) Currently, 94% of the borrowers are men

Front 25

Question: In 2006, _______ became the first African nation that has elected the female president.

Back 25

Liberia

Front 26

Question: In some countries or regions in the developing world, a groom's family pays a bride's family. This custom is called _________.

Back 26

Bride Price

Front 27

Question: According to the 1995 U.N. report, women own 1/10 of the world's property.

True or False?

Back 27

False

Front 28

What are the four focuses in the 1978 WHO’s “Global Health Campaign”? Which of the four focuses improved the most?

Back 28

1. Clean water and sanitation
2. Basic nutrition
3. Immunization (most improved, but not sufficient)
4. Training of Primary Health Care Workers

Front 29

Understand the rural-urban differences in the access to clean water and safe sanitation.

Back 29

25% of urban and 71% of rural do not have access to clean driving water

Front 30

Understand two facts about Malaria as emphasized in class.

Back 30

1. Until 1999, it was Africa’s leading Killer
2. Infects 500 million a year, killing 2.7

Front 31

Why was Nairobi that had been malaria free until recently hit with this disease?

Back 31

1. Urban migration and agriculturalization of suburban areas
2. breeding areas of mosquitos close to urban areas

Front 32

What were the major reasons for the increase of malaria cases in Peru?

Back 32

1. Deforestation: clear cutting of forest for cattle ranching
2. more open breeding areas (Malaria Belt)

Front 33

Ethnicity

Back 33

Category of individuals who share a sense of common identity based on one or more of the following: historical experiences, common language or culture, geographic location, religious beliefs, national sentiments.

Front 34

Race

Back 34

A characteristic of individuals based on physical traits.

Front 35

Precipitating Event

Back 35

An event that preludes an upcoming larger event, usually a direct effect

Front 36

Push factor

Back 36

Causes of Migration: economic -> wage difference, employment opportunity. Political -> refugee. Cultural -> lifestyle desires.

Front 37

Pull factor

Back 37

the attractive values an immigrant considers after leaving home country.

Front 38

Somali Effect

Back 38

Waning public support following an international intervention in Somalia.

(Black Hawk Down). In 1993 U.S. Rangers go on peacekeeping mission in Somalia, 18 are KIA.

Front 39

Janjaweed

Back 39

Arab Militiamen on horses or camels who attacked villages in Darfur.

Front 40

Major Social Conditions that lead to ethnic conflict

Back 40

1. Leadership: leaders solidify their groups and power through ethnic conflict.
2. Resource Competition
3. Culture and differences
4. International Intervention
5. Precipitating Events

Front 41

Rwanda History

Back 41

Groups: Hutu (85% of population) vs. Tutsi (14% population)
Group Information: same language, cultural, religion, intermarriage.
Events:
1. German Colonialism (1899): scientific racism to use single group as proxy. The Tutsi were taller and resembled the European appearance so chosen as the superiors.

2. Religion Takeover: Belgians took over and issued mandatory identification cards. They systematically favored the Tutsi. Some missionaries taught the Hutu.

3. Hutu Rebellion (1959): Hutu's requested power sharing, killed 20,000 Tutsi

4. Rwanda Independence(1962): Hutu majority gained control of the government.

5. 1990: Tutsi refugees formed Rwandan Patriotic front and returned the request to share power

6. Power Sharing Agreement (1993): Hutu President agreed

7. President dies (1994) Precipitated the genocide. The genocide killed 1 million Hutus in 13 weeks.


Economic problems in the 1980s caused problems.

Front 42

Economic Contexts of Rwanda Genocide from 1980s

Back 42

1. Collapse of world market prices for tin and coffee
2. Economic crisis and debt of 1980s accumulated
3. Legitimacy crisis which led strengthening of radical factions
4. Mobilization of ethnic hatred -> government controls radio

Front 43

Sri Lanka’s Ethnic Conflict History

Back 43

Groups: Sinhalese (74% population) vs. Tamils (12% population)

Background: Tamil (mostly Hindu) governed as the proxy for the British.

Events:
1. Independence (1948): Sinhalese (mostly Buddhist) took control and oppressed Tamils.

2. Civil War Starts (1983): 13 government soldiers were killed by Tamil Tigers starting full scale civil war.

3. Cease-fire agreement (2002): Cease-fire agreement reached but violence continued.

4. Government Campaign (2008): Government started massive campaign to destroy Tamil Tigers

5. Victory (2009): Tamil Tigers were captured by government, who declared a victory.

Front 44

Similarities between Sri Lanka and Rwanda

Back 44

1. Both were colonized
2. The more European looking minority were more powerful
3. Countries reached Independence
4. Power is fought for by both sides, very violent.
5. Extremists then go on a genocide campaign

Front 45

Sudan Conflict and Genocide

Back 45

Groups: Arabs (Nomadic herders) vs. Africans (Farmers)

Events:
1. Drought (1980s and 1990s): less land for grazing, herders encroached on farmlands leading to a turf dispute. Africans grew sick of Khartoum indifference.

2. Protest (2003): Sudanese Liberation Army (African Rebels) killed 75 Sudanese Government soldiers and kidnapped the air force chief as a protest against government’s neglect of Darfur Africans.

3. Government Response (2003): Sudan government commissioned Darfur Arabs (Janjaweed) to put down insurgency. The Janjaweed went on village killing spree leading to 2 million refugees -> 200k to Chad, 180k deaths

4. Ceasefire (2004): African Union declared ceasefire agreement

5. Starvation (2004-2006): Starvation is primary killer. Janjaweed continue violence. It spills into border camps into Chad.

6. International Response (2009): International Criminal Court issued arrest warrant for President of Sudan on charges of war crimes and humanity crimes verse Darfur. 1st time a nation leader was indicted by the court. Sudanese refused to acknowledge the jurisdiction and killed Sudanese who cooperated.

Front 46

U.S./U.N. Intervention Quicker?

Back 46

China as one of the 5 permanent members had veto power and continued to do so because of its own domestic issues such as oil supply.

Front 47

1992 LA Riot

Back 47

Black-Korean Conflict

Events:
1. Industrialization (1961): Park Chung Hee became dictator of South Korea. He installed an industrialization frenzy (mass education, urbanization) Country people moved to the city. Rural shops go out of business and less people produce food. Cities went hungry and rice prices were raised. He put a price ceiling on rice.

2. Immigration Act of 1965

3. Watts Riot (1965): Blacks destroyed stores that were run by Jews, Italians, and Japanese. Koreans filled the vacancy. Black’s felt the empty stores were their chance to retake to community. Cultural issues with exchanging money caused more tension

4. Store Shooting (1991): US Black Latasha Harlins shoplifted OJ in LA, Korean grocery clerk shot- gunner her in the back

5. Man Brutally Beaten (1992): Four cops abuse black man and are acquitted

6. L.A. Riot (1992): Blacks burned, looted, and destroyed much of SCLA including many Korean owned stores

Front 48

Zimbabwe -> Botswana Migration Movement:

Back 48

Groups:
1. Zimbabwe: Mugabe Dictatorial Governance
- $500 yearly income
- 80% unemployment rate
2. Botswama
- $14,700 yearly income
- 23% unemployment rate

Facts:
1. Mass undocumented migration
2. 300 mile border w/ 8 foot fence.
3. Botswana had to create more prisons
4. Deportation cycle was 5 days.
5. Zimbabwe’s just wanted a meal in jail.

Front 49

Trafficking

Back 49

1. Must contain element of deception or fraud.
2. Trafficked persons are exploited and are NOT free
3. They are the victims

Front 50

Smuggling

Back 50

1. Person knows they are engaged in illegal activity
2. Person is free once they meet their destination
3. They are NOT innocent victims

Front 51

What differentiate current slaves in previous centuries?

Back 51

1. There are 28.4 million slaves today
2. Today slaves are not controlled by legal ownership but by debt, violence and the abuse of vulnerability
3. Slavery is escalating
4. Slaves are cheaper and thus disposable

Front 52

Kara points out that “efforts to combat sex trafficking remain woefully adequate and misdirected.” What are four reasons for this inadequacy and misdirection?

Back 52

1. Despite increasing media attention, trafficking is poorly understood.
2. Organizations dedicated to combating sex trafficking are underfunded and uncoordinated internationally
3. Laws against sex trafficking are overwhelmingly anemic and poorly enforced
4. A systematic business and economic analysis of the industry, conducted to identify strategic points of intervention has not been undertaken.

Front 53

What is Kara’s central argument?

Back 53

The enormity and pervasiveness of sex trafficking is a direct result of the immense profits to be derived from selling inexpensive sex around the world. This western idea of capitalism is spread through economic globalization.

Front 54

What are six ways sex slaves are acquired?

Back 54

1. Deceit
2. Sale by family
3. Abduction
4. Seduction or romance
5. Recruitment by former slaves

Front 55

Understand the anatomy of sex trafficking.

Back 55

1. Acquisition
2. Movement
3. Sale
4. Exploitation

Front 56

What is the “two-step process in the movement and exploitation of slaves”?

Back 56

1. Slaves are moved from rural to urban centers within the same country
2. Slaves are transported internationally

Front 57

Kara states that “escape is rarely an option for a slave”. Why is it the case?

Back 57

1. Drug and alcohol addiction
2. Victims may have been shunned by their family
3. Little prospects for employment or any form of self-sufficiency
4. Brothel owners terrorize slaves regarding the consequences of leaving and threaten violence against their family members back home.

Front 58

How did globalization contribute to the expansion of contemporary slavery?

Back 58

Globalization increased global slavery by:
1. Deepening rural poverty
2. Widening the chasm between the rich and the poor
3. Promoting social instability
4. Eroding human freedoms.

This in addition to the advances that promoted a freer exchange of goods, services, and people created contemporary slavery.

Front 59

What does Kara propose that the global community should do to combat the sex slavery?

Back 59

1. Creation of International slavery and trafficking inspection force.
2. Creation of Community Vigialance Committees
3. Raids
4. More funding for police, prosecutors
5. Expedite court process
6. Fully funded witness protection for slaves and their families
7. Massive increase in financial penalties

Front 60

What does Kara propose each individual to do to be part of the solution?

Back 60

1. Raise awareness
2. Donate to anti-trafficking NGOs
3. Community vigilance: participate and/or establish
4. Write a letter to politicians

Front 61

In Italy, is street prostitution legal? Are brothels legal? Is pimping legal?

Back 61

Street prostitution is not illegal, brothels and pimping are illegal. A measure of outlawing street prostitution was approved by the Italian Cabinet in 2008.

Front 62

Question: What was the condition in the 1980's in Darfur that led to the heightening tension between Africans and Arabs?

a) racial difference between black Africans and lighter-skinned Arabs
b) Soviet Union's support for Arabs and the U.S. support for Africans
c) persistent drought and land dispute between Africans and Arabs
d) religious difference between Christian Africans and Muslim Arabs
e) Both a) and b)

Back 62

c) persistent drought and land dispute between Africans and Arabs

Front 63

Question: In what sense was Rwanda's ethnic conflict similar to Sri Lanka's?

a) In both cases, an ethnic conflict emerged in the 1990's when the politically dominant group imposed the national official language upon the minority group
b) In both cases, colonialism used the numerically smaller groups as its proxy and consequentially created the ethnic division and conflict
c) In both cases, ethnic tensions escalated in the 1970's, but the U.N. peace-keeping mission successfully intervened and restored the stability in these nations

Back 63

b) In both cases, colonialism used the numerically smaller groups as its proxy and consequentially created the ethnic division and conflict

Front 64

Question: How many slaves are there in the world today, according to the lecture?

a) 8.4 million
b) 28.4 million
c) 42.8 million
d) 48 million
e) 1.48 billion

Back 64

b) 28.4 million

Front 65

Question: Which of the following is accurate about today's slavery?

a) Today's slaves are controlled by debt, violence, and the abuse of vulnerability
b) Today, the number of slaves is decreasing
c) Today's slaves are more expensive than those in the 1850s.
d) Both a) and c) are accurate
e) All of the above are accurate

Back 65

a) Today's slaves are controlled by debt, violence, and the abuse of vulnerability

Front 66

Question: According to Kara, which of the following is/are legal in Italy?

a) street prostitution
b) brothels
c) pimping
d) both (a) and (b)
e) both (b) and (c)

Back 66

a) street prostitution

Front 67

Question: Kara identifies "two-step process in the movement and exploitation of slaves". Which of the following represents Kara's notion of "two-step process in the movement"?

a) First, victims are trafficked from one Third World nation to another Third World nation, and then, move to a First World nation.
b) First, victims are trafficked from a rural area to an urban center within a nation, and then, move to a foreign country.
c) First, victims are enslaved in the street prostitution, and then, sold to a brothel.
d) victims are enslaved in a brothel, and then, move up in the hierarchy to become a madam manager of a brothel.

Back 67

b) First, victims are trafficked from a rural area to an urban center within a nation, and then, move to a foreign country.

Front 68

Question: The American public support for international intervention waned since 18 U.S. rangers were killed in U.N. mission in Somalia in 1993. This waning public support is called ___________.

Back 68

Somali Effect

Front 69

Question: A group of militiamen on a horse (or a camel) who attacked the villages in Darfur is called ___________.

Back 69

Janjaweed

Front 70

Question: Professor T migrated out of Japan because no one in Japan wanted to date him. In this description, his inability to find a girlfriend in Japan which caused his migration is sociologically called a __________ factor.

Back 70

Push

Front 71

Question: In April 1994, then-President of Rwanda died due to a plane crash, which ignited genocide. According to the lecture, this type of incident that ignite ethnic conflict is sociologically called ______________________.

Back 71

Precipitating Event

Front 72

Question: According to the lecture, each year, 500,000-600,000 women and children are trafficked into the United States

True or False?

Back 72

False

Front 73

Question: According to the lecture, today's slaves are more expensive than those in the 1850s.

True or False?

Back 73

False

Front 74

Question: One of the consequences of migrant slavery is that deaths of slaves are difficult to prove due to the lack of information and documents, and thus wives who are left behind cannot get a state pension.

True or False?

Back 74

True

Front 75

Question: According to the video on India, so many young men moved to urban areas for job opportunities, and thus there are too many young unmarried women in rural villages in India.

True or False?

Back 75

False

Front 76

Question: According to the 2002 CIA report, 250,000 women and children are brought into the U.S. every year under false pretenses.

True or False?

Back 76

False

Front 77

Question: According to the lecture, the number of deaths in Darfur genocide surpassed the number of deaths in Rwanda's genocide.

True or False?

Back 77

False

Front 78

Question: According to the lecture, the U.S. Trafficking Victims Protection Act proved to be ineffective because such a single country approach cannot adequately cope with the global nature of human trafficking.

True or False?

Back 78

True

Front 79

Question: In 1983, in Sri Lanka, thirteen government soldiers were killed by 'Tamil Tigers, that led to a full scale civil war. Sociologically, this type of event that contributed to the ethnic conflict is called ______.

Back 79

Precipitating Event

Front 80

Understand the Arguments of both proponents and opponents of the issue of legalizing prostitution. What position does Kara take on the issue of legalizing or criminalizing prostitution?

Back 80

Proponents:
1. Women have the right to control their bodies
2. Prostitutes could enjoy benefits like health care, retirement plan, and unionization
3. Less subject to violence and exploitation
4. More difficult to traffic for sexual exploitation because victims have right under law

Opponents:
1. “Profession” is inherently based on a system of male sexual dominance
2. Reinforcing the subordination and objectification of women
3. Provides cover for brothel owners to purchase trafficking victims and inflict greater exploitation behind closed legal doors

Front 81

What does Kara mean by “the lower per-capita rate of human trafficking to the United States?” What factors contributed to it?

Back 81

Lower per capita rate of human trafficking means that the U.S. has a far lower percentage of human trafficking victims in comparison to lower population and lower income European countries.

Factors:
1. Greater distance of the U.S. from origin countries
2. Relatively less corrupt law enforcement and judicial systems
3. Trafficking Victims Protection Act

Front 82

What explains “the smaller ratio of sex trafficking to the United States versus other forms of human trafficking?”

Back 82

1. Prostitution is illegal, so there is no legal veneer to hide behind
2. Illegality of prostitution is substantially enforced
3. Law enforcement is relatively less corrupt
4. Less real demand among U.S. males

Front 83

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Kara’s book?

Back 83

Strengths:
1. Informative
2. Coverage of many nations
3. Inform of the pervasiveness of the problem
4. Presents an opportunity for comparison
5. Personalized presentation of topics

Weaknesses:
1. Kara’s solutions are highly theoretical, and he failed to provide a way to make them realistic
2. Repetitive
3. Little voice from traffickers, pimps, corrupted police and officials, and family members of trafficking victims. So his argument is one-sided and may be biased.

Front 84

Calling “the most essential truth of contemporary slave crimes,” Kara claims that “the United States is more responsible than any other nation for the inimical accretion in human exploitation, trafficking, and slavery since the fall of the Berlin Wall.” What is Kara’s rationale behind this claim? What would be your response to this claim?

Back 84

Kara believes the U.S. is responsible for:
1.increased in poverty
2. social upheaval
3. mass migration
4. lawlessness.

Kara believes the U.S. is responsible because of:
1. meager financial contributions to combating slavery
2. misdirected global influence
3. labeling T-visas as benefits instead of rights

Counterargument:
1. Kara only considers supply
2. U.S. takes economic advantage of the developing world.
3. The U.S. does not create a demand for sex slaves
4. The U.S. does not import nearly as many sex slaves as other developed countries.
5. The U.S. provides a lot of funding for programs that do not benefit the U.S. (this does not mean we have a moral obligation).
6. A country’s purpose for existing is only to serve itself and its citizens.
7. The U.S. has no responsibility for victims in other countries.