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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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endogamy
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Marriage within one’s social group
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exogamy
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Marriage outside one’s social group
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extended family
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Family unit consisting of the parent-child nuclear family and other relatives, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins
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family
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Two or more persons, including the householder, who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption and who live together as one household
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household
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Living arrangement composed of one or more people who occupy a housing unit
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monogamy
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The practice of being married to only one person at a time
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neolocal residence
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Living arrangement in which a married couple sets up residence separate from either spouse’s family
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nuclear family
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Family unit consisting of at least one parent and one child
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polygamy
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Marriage of one person to more than one spouse at the same time
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absolutism
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Approach to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that all human behavior can be considered either inherently good or inherently bad
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criminalization
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Official definition of an act of deviance as a crime
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deterrence theory
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Theory of deviance posting that people will be prevented from engaging in a deviant act if they judge the costs of such an act to outweigh its benefits
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deviance
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Behavior, ideas, or attributes of an individual or group that some people in society find offensive
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labeling theory
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wear your criminal label to hopefully reform or fulfilling a label given to you
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medicalization
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definition of behavior as a medical problem, mandating the medical profession to provide some kind of treatment for it
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relativism
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approach to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that deviance is socially created by collective human judgements and ideas
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differential association theory
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you learn your deviance from the people you spend the most time with
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strain theory
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puts a strain on you when you desire something but lack the means to get the thing you desire
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What is the difference between a relativist’s and an absolutist definition of deviance?
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Absolutist definition - two types of people in this world; the ones who are inherently "good" and the ones who are intrinsically "bad." No in between. Deviant act determines overall worth of the person. People routinely make judgments about deviants based on stereotypes. Relativist definition - symbolic interactionism and the conflict perspective in stating that deviance is socially constructed through a collective of human judgments and ideas. Deviance is NOT innate in any particular act, belief, or condition.
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bureaucracy
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Large hierarchical organization governed by formal rules and regulations and having clearly specified work tasks
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division of labor
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Specialization of different people or groups in different tasks, characteristic of most bureaucracies
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free-rider problem
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Tendency for people to refrain from contributing to the common good when a resource is available without any personal cost or contribution
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hierarchy of authority
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Ranking of people or tasks in a bureaucracy from those at the top, where there is a great deal of power and authority, to those at the bottom, where there is very little power and authority
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McDonaldization
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Process by which the characteristics and principles of the fast food restaurant come to dominate other areas of social life
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multinational corporation
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Company that has manufacturing, production, and marketing divisions in multiple countries
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oligarchy
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system of authority in which many people are ruled by a privileged few
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social dilemma
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potential for a society’s long-term ruin because of individuals’ tendency to pursue their own short-term interests
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social structure
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framework of society-social institutions, organizations, groups, statuses and roles, cultural beliefs, and institutionalized norms-that adds order and predictability to our private lives
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tragedy of the commons
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situation in which people acting individually and in their own self-interest use up commonly available (but limited) resources, creating disaster for the entire community
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Van Maanen -- “The Smile Factory
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Work at Disneyland”
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absolute poverty
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inability to afford the minimal requirements for sustaining a reasonably healthy existence
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authority
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possession of some status or quality that compels others to obey one’s directives or commands
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caste system
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stratification system based on heredity, with little movement allowed across strata
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colonization
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Process of expanding economic markets by invading and establishing control over a weaker country and its people
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competitive individualism
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Cultural belief that those who succeed in society are those who work hardest and have the best abilities and that those who suffer don’t work hard enough or lack the necessary traits or abilities
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culture-of-poverty thesis
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Belief that poor people, resigned to their position in society, develop a unique value structure to deal with their lack of success
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estate system (feudal system)
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Stratification system in which high-status groups own land and have power based on noble birth
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false consciousness
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Situation in which people in the lower classes come to accept a belief system that harms them; the primary means by which powerful classes in society prevent protest and revolution
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means of production
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land, commercial enterprises, factories, and wealth that form the economic basis of class societies
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middle class
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in a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have an intermediate level of wealth, income, and prestige, such as managers, supervisors, executives, small business owners, and professionals
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near-poor
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individuals or families whose earnings are between 100% and 125% of the poverty line
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poor
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in a society stratified by social class, a group of people who work for minimum wage or are chronically unemployed
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poverty line
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amount of yearly income a family requires to meet its basic needs, according to the federal government
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poverty rate
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percentage of people whose income falls below the poverty line
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power
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ability to affect decisions in ways that benefit a person or protect his or her interests
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prestige
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respect and honor given to some people in society
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relative poverty
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individuals’ economic position compared with the living standards of the majority in the society
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slavery
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economic form of inequality in which some people are legally the property of others
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social class
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group of people who share a similar economic position in a society, based on their wealth and income
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social mobility
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movement of people or groups, from one class to another
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socioeconomic status
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prestige, honor, respect, and lifestyle associated with different positions or groups in society
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stratification
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ranking system for groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and life chances in society
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upper class
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in a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have high income and prestige and who own vast amounts of property and other forms of wealth, such as owners of large corporations, top financiers, rich celebrities and politicians, and members of prestigious families
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working class
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in a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have a low level of wealth, income, and prestige, such as industrial and factory workers, office workers, clerks, and farm and manual laborers
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working poor
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employed people who consistently earn wages but do not make enough to survive
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Chapter 11 - The Architecture of Inequality
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Race and Ethnicity
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affirmative action
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program designed to seek out members of minority groups for positions from which they had previously been excluded, thereby seeking to overcome institutional racism
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colorism
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skin color prejudice within an ethnoracial group, most notably between light-skinned and dark-skinned blacks
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discrimination
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unfair treatment of people based on some social characteristic, such as race, ethnicity, or sex
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ethnicity
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sense of community derived from the cultural heritage shared by a category of people with common ancestry
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institutional racism
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Laws, customs, and practices that systematically reflect and produce racial and ethnic inequalities in a society, whether or not the individuals maintaining these laws, customs, and practices have racist intentions
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panethnic labels
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general terms applied to diverse subgroups that are assumed to have something in common
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personal racism
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individual expression of racist attitudes or behaviors
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prejudice
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rigidly held, unfavorable attitudes, beliefs, and feelings about members of a different group based on a social characteristic such as race, ethnicity, or gender
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quiet racism
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form of racism expressed subtly and indirectly through feelings of discomfort, uneasiness, and fear, which motivate avoidance rather than blatant discrimination
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race
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category of people labeled and treated as similar because of allegedly common biological traits, such as skin color, texture of hair, and shape of eyes
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racial transparency
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tendency for the race of a society’s majority to be so obvious, normative, and unremarkable that it becomes, for all intents and purposes, invisible
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racism
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belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior
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stereotype
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overgeneralized belief that a certain trait, behavior, or attitude characterizes all members of some identifiable group
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Chapter 12 - The Architecture of Inequality
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Sex and Gender
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institutional sexism
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subordination of women that is part of the everyday workings of economics, law, politics, and other social institutions
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matriarchy
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female-dominated society that gives higher prestige and value to women than to men
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objectification
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practice of treating people as objects
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patriarchy
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male-dominated society in which cultural beliefs and values give higher prestige and values to men than to women
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pay equity
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principle that women and men who perform jobs that are of equal value to society and that require equal training ought to be paid equally
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sexism
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system of beliefs that asserts the inferiority of one sex and justifies gender-based inequality
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Chapter 14 - Architecture of Change
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Reconstructing Society
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anomie
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condition in which rapid change has disrupted society’s ability to adequately regulate and control its members and the old rules that governed people’s lives no longer seem to apply
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countermovement
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collective action designed to prevent or reverse changes sought or accomplished by an earlier social movement
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cultural diffusion
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process by which beliefs, technology, customs, and other elements of culture spread from one group or society to another
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global climate change
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steady rise in Earth’s average temperature as a result of increasing amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
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ideology
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coherent system of beliefs, values, and ideas
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postindustrial society
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society in which knowledge, the control of information, and service industries are more important elements of the economy than agriculture or manufacturing and production
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reform movement
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collective action that seeks to change limited aspects of a society but does not seek to alter or replace major social institutions
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revolutionary movement
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collective action that attempts to overthrow an entire social system and replace it with another
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social movement
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continuous, large-scale, organized collective action motivated by the desire to enact, stop, or reverse change in some area of society
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