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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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difference between psychology and sociology
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psychology - individuals way of thinking and brain
sociology - groups of people as a whole Natural Science - study of physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change. (psychology) Social Science - the study of various aspects of human society. (sociology) |
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macro vs micro sociology
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macro: war, distress of Third World nations, poverty, and environmental deprivation,
microsociology: analyses issues such as the role of women, the nature of the family, and immigration. |
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sociological imagination
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the ability to view one’s own society as an outsider would, rather than only from the perspective of personal experiences and cultural biases EX:
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structural - functional theory
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affect our values, interactions and actions
ex: police |
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what are manifest and latent functions?
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manifest - conscience deliberate
ex: raindance - produce rain intended latent - unconscience unintentional ex: raindance -people gathering that unifies them |
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anomie
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absence of personal norms, standards or values, and increased states of psychological normlessness.
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conflict theory (i.e. class struggle, haves and have nots)
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The theory is mostly applied to explain conflict between social classes,and in ideologies such as capitalism versus socialism.
haves - power (money, information, importance) have nots - no power ex: whites in south africa (haves) have power but are minority blacks are have nots |
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concept of power under the conflict theory
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feminism, ageism, racism, etc are all conflicts over power
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basic definitions of symbolic-interactionalism
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every situation in day to day life affects our reality and thinking to a degree
ex: experience with 1 teacher will affect outlook on all teachers |
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main methods of research used by sociologists
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questionairs, interviews, observation
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what culture is and is not
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Culture is language, values, meaning, beliefs, ethnicity;
society refers to a group of people more by location |
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roles of language and values in a culture
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language - passes culture on, body language; comunicates emotions, state of being, and respect
values - statements that people hold to be true; oxymoron values: idea of humanitarianism and "me first" mentality |
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what is meant by interdependence
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cultural integration - change in part of culture that changes other parts of culture
ex: technology leads to change in language (text, AIM language) cultural lag - our non material culture normally lags behind our material culture ex: cloning and ethics |
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define and differentiate subculture and counter culture
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subculture - trends and patterns that set apart from major society but NOT against it
counter culture - groups that go against society ex: KKK, skinheads, |
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ethnocentrism and cultural relativism
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ethnocentrism - biased cultural yard stick
ex: weird way of packing cheese cultural relativism - more accurate understanding from the individuals culture prospective |
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culture shock
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Disorientation due to the inability to make sense out of one’s surroundings
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symbols
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anything that carries meaning
ex: clothes - boys blue, girls pink |
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what are norms? folkways, mores and taboos?
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norm - rules that dictate what is appropriate, inappropriate; 3 kinds:
folkways - conventions and habits learned from childhood ex: manners mores - stricter punishment taboos - extreme punishment ex: murder, rape, incest |
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2 types of sanctions
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informal - social norms; folkways
formal - laws; more and taboo |
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ideal vs. real culture
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ideal - how culture should be
real - how it is |
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cultural diversity
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differences in language, clothing, values, morals,
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acculturation
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a lot of contact with something and a culture becomes used to it
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popular culture
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patterns that are widespread
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define the "self"
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outlook of someone from their own perspective; influenced by responses and interactions with others
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socialization -
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lifelong process forms self identity based on experiences with people
physical, mental, social skills required to survive in society |
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3 parts of psychoanalytic theory
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id - irrational and emmotional; ruled by pleasure - paint principle
ego - rational; mediator of id and superego superego - moral; conscience |
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differences between "I" and "me"
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I - self centered, spontaneous, responsive to "me"
me - conformity, predictable, representing to society ex: 'I' would say go to the party; me would say study |
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looking glass self
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see ourselves how others do; begins at early age and never stops changing unless taken away from all social situations
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social learning theory stages as outlined by Piaget
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Sensory Motor Period – reflex activity leading to understanding of intentional responses
Preoperational Period – verbalization representation moves from egoistic to social – which is when infants go from ME to more of social conversation Period of Concrete Operations – evidence for organized, logical thought – concept of consequences Period of Formal Operations – concrete logical thought moves into the ability for abstract, formal logic (as-if/if-then) – if I do this, that will happen, and how will that affect me |
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agents of socialization
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people or groups pass culture through interacting within social institutions; who has the most influence on your decisions?
family (dont smoke) peers (start smoking) education (stopping smoking because you learn about how bad it is for you) |
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Mead's theory on language and role taking
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role taking - take on a role based on who you're around (work role, play role)
language - ability to have internal conversation between 'I' and 'me' |
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resocialization
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retraining a person to operate in a society they aren't accustomed to
ex: going into military and the reverse of coming out of the military |
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stages of socialization for adolescents
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pre play - different cries different meanings
ex: hungry cry, tired cry play - one role at a time; cops and robbers; cops good, robbers bad game - playing multiple roles at same time;seeing different complexities; ex: good cops and bad cops; good fathers and dead beat fathers generalized other stage - multiple roles in multiple structures; following norms and values of ones society |
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differential association, differential reinforcement, and proximity hypothesis
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differential association -
differential reinforcement - rewards or punishments for certain behaviors |
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4 basic elements of structures
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Status – any position in the social structure; place in society
ex: brother student employee friend Role – expectation for how people are to behave in a given status ex: teachers help people learn Group – set of people who identify and interact with each other in a structured way based on shared values and goals ex: students veterans teachers Institution – a widely accepted, rather stable cluster of statuses, roles and groups that develop around the basic needs of society ex: education - students, teachers, staff are all apart of |
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mechanical and organic solidarity
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mechanical - less populated societys
organic - modern society's big societys |
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gemeinschaft and gesellschaft
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gemeinschaft - work for group
gesellschaft - work for self |
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bureaucracy
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large organizations with heirarchys
ex: governments, military, hospitals, courts, schools |
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ascrived and achieved statuses
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ascribed - given at birth
ex: black white female jew achieved statuses - done to get the status ex: college grad |
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dramaturgy
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becoming a role
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6 basic buraucracy concepts
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labor division, heirarchy, impersonality, employment based on technical qualifications, written rules
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stigma
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attribute, behavior, or reputation that makes a person undesirable to others
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know differences between role conflict, role strain, role distancing, role exit and role ambiguity
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Role strain – consists of the contradictory expectations built into ANY SINGLE STATUS
Role conflict – consists of contradictory roles attached to TWO OR MORE STATUSES • Ex: going to child’s play in the morning OR going to work role distancing - disagreeing with an aspect of a role ex: closed eyes while praying role exit - ending a role in life ex: becoming an ex role ambiguity - role is unclear of what is expected ex: vague job description |
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deceptive performances
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quality of speech bad, body language is unusual
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