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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mimicry
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Taking on for ourselves the behaviors, emotional displays, and facial expressions of others
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Chameleon effect
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People mimic others non-consciously, automatically copying others behaviors even without realizing it
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Social norms
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Usually unwritten guidelines for how to behave in social contexts
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Social loafing
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When an individual puts less effort into working on a task with others
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Social facilitation
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When ones performance is affected by the presence of others
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Groupthink
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The stifling of diversity that occurs when individuals are not able to express their true perspectives, instead having to focus on agreeing with others and maintaining harmony
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Normative influence
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A social pressure to adapt to a groups perspective in order to be accepted rather than rejected by a group
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Informational influence
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When people internalize the values and belief of the group coming the believe the same things and feel the same way themselves
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Bystander effect
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The presence of other people actually reduces the likelihood of helpful behavior
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Diffusion of responsibility
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When responsibility for taking action is spread across more than one person, thus making no single individual feel responsible
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Pluralistic ignorance
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Occurs when there is a disjunction between the private beliefs of individuals and the public behavior they display to others
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Explicit processes
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Correspond roughly to “conscious” thought, they are effortful, relatively slow and generally under our intentional control
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Implicit processes
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Comprise our “unconscious” thought; they are intuitive, effortless, very fast and operate largely outside our intentional control
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Dual-process models
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Models of behavior that account for both implicit and explicit processes
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Person perception
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The processes by which individuals categorize and form judgments about other people
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Self-fulfilling processes
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Occur when a first impression/expectation affects one behavior and then that affects other peoples behaviors leading to “confirm” the initial impression or expectation
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False consensus effect
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The tendency to project the self-concept onto the social world
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Naïve realism
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We tend to assume that the way we see things are the way they are
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Self-serving biases
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Biased ways of processing self-relevant information to enhance our positive self-evaluation
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Internal attribution
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The observer explains the behavior of the actor in terms of some innate quality of that person
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External attributions
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The observer explains the actors behavior as a result of the situation
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Fundamental attribution error (FAE)
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The tendency to over emphasize internal attributions and under emphasize external factors
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Ingorups
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Groups we feel positively toward and identify with
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Outgroups
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“Other” groups that we don’t identify with
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Ingroup bias
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As positive biases toward the self get extended to include ones ingroups, people become motivated to see their ingroups as superior to their outgroups
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Minimal group paradigm
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The ease by which people form groups “us vs. them” using criteria that are essentially meaningless
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Stereotype
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A cognitive structure, a set of beliefs, about the characteristics that are held by members of a specific social group; these beliefs function as schemas, serving to guide how we process information about our social world
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Prejudice
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An affective, emotionally driven process, including negative attitudes toward and critical judgments of other groups
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Discrimination
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Behavior that disfavors or disadvantages members of a certain group in some way
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Contact hypothesis
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Predicts that social contact between members of different groups is extremely important in overcoming prejudice
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Implicit associations test (IAT)
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Measures how fast people can respond to images or words flashed on a computer screen
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Elaboration likelihood model
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When audiences are sufficiently motivated to pay attention to a message and they have an opportunity for careful processing, they will be persuaded by facts of the argument. When either of the two factors are missing they will be persuaded by other factors
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Central route to persuasion
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Occurs when people pay close attention to the content of a message, evaluate the evidence presented and examine the logic of arguments
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Peripheral route to persuasion
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Persuasion will depend n other features that are not directly related the message itself, such as the attractiveness of the person delivering the message
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Construal-level theory
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Describes how information affects us differently depending on our physiological distance from the information
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Identifiable victim effect
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Describes how people are more powerfully moved to action by the story of a single suffering person, than by information about a whole group of people
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Experiential system
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Operates more implicitly, quickly and intuitively, and is predominantly emotional
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Analytic system
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Operates more at the explicit level of consciousness, is slower and more methodical, and uses logic and discursive thinking
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Attitude inoculation
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A strategy for strengthening attitudes and making them more resistant to change by first exposing people to a weak counter-argument and then refuting that argument
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Processing fluency
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The ease with which information is processed
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Door-in-the-face technique
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Involves asking for something relatively big, then following with a request for something relatively small
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Foot-in-the-door technique
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Involves making a simple request followed by a more substantial request
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Cognitive dissonance theory
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When we hold inconsistent beliefs, this creates a kind of aversive inner tension, or dissonance; we are then motivated to reduce this tension in whatever way we can
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