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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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social perception |
process by which we come to understand other people ex. reality tv |
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social perception process |
1.describe people's behavior/circumstances 2. explain people's behavior/ circumstances 3. synthesize info to form an impression of another person 4. impression change our reality |
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initial impression (describe) |
nonverbal behavior; physical appearance, facial expressions |
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Darwin |
perhaps we developed facial expression to communicate before people had language |
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facial expressions (Darwin) |
have survival value; can pick up on anger more than happy; some universal |
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6 common universal facial expressions |
anger, shock, disgust, happy, sad, & surprised |
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7th facial expression |
contempt/sarcasm (Simon) |
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attribution theory (Heider 1958) |
the way in which people explain causes of their own and other people's behavior |
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personal (internal) attribution |
something about you; such as personality, character, traits ex. someone cut you off driving, "that person is a terrible person" |
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situational (external) attribution |
something about others, the situation ex. Someone cut you off driving, " maybe they didn't see me" |
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perception salience |
we pay attention to people not the context |
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correspondent inference theory |
trying to find a similarity/correspondence between someone's behavior and their personal attributions |
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choice |
you freely choose to engage in some type of behavior I look at you differently then if you were forced; tells more about you |
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expectedness |
do something unexpected vs. doing something particular/normal unexpected tells more about you |
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effects |
the effects of the behavior are positive doesn't say much, but if effects of behavior are negative or mixed tells something about you as a person ex. relationship looks perfect vs. has some pros and cons |
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covariation model (Kelley 1967) |
attributions are formed by nothing if/how the person's behavior changes (covaries) across time, place, different actors, and diff stimuli/targets |
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actor |
person we are trying to explain |
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target |
how they behave or act towards something else (person/situation) |
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consensus information |
info about whether or not other people behave the same way toward the target ex. Become involved with Matt, Matt yells at BFF Amanda. Matt is the actor How do others act towards Amanda? |
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distinctiveness info |
info about whether or not the actor behaves in the same way to diff stimuli (target) ex. Matt doesn't yell at everybody. Matt yells at everybody=not distinctive |
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consistency info |
info about whether or not the behavior between one actor and one stimulus (target) is the same across time/context ex. Just this one time, and late for train=external attribute OR Matt consistently yells at Amanda |
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available heuristics |
something is very available in memory; we think it happens all the time, even if it doesn't |
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representativeness heuristic |
mental rule in which people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case |
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base rate info |
info about the frequency of members of different groups of the population |
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fundamental attribution error (FAE) |
tendency to overestimate the effect of internal factors and underestimate the effect of external factors on people's behavior |
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perceptual salience |
the importance of info that is the focus of one's attention |
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two-step process of attribution |
explanation about another's behavior by first making an internal attribution and then thinking about possible situational attributions; culturally dependent |
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analytical thinking style |
when people look at a situation they consider the pieces and their relationships, rather than the whole thing ex. US Art: focal objects |
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holistic thinking style |
the whole thing, not pieces, all together at the same time ex. Art is a picture of a whole scene |
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Counterfactual thinking |
changing how a situation could happen differently, reimagining the past; mentally changing some aspect to imagine what might have happened; normally when something negative happens |
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self-esteem maintenance |
belief in a just world; blame the victim |
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self presentatin |
i do these things, i am a good person, making yourself look good |
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implicit personality theory |
assumptions people make about the relationships among traits and behaviors ex. someone is rude, assume they are greedy, not helpful, self-centered |
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confirmation bias |
the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories |
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self-fulfilling prophecy |
you have an impression of someone, you treat them in a particular way, they respond in a particular way in which followed your impression |
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Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) |
Gave elementary students IQ test; told teachers some were average some were intelligent bloomers; gave students another IQ test at end of academic year; bloomers showed to be more intelligent than average students, teachers gave them priority |
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accuracy of impressions |
experience with others context considerations individual differences |
