Soc 134 Ch. 2

Front 1

What are the levels of reflexivity?

Back 1

1) Our position in society
2) Our education
3) Must be historical

Front 2

What two European countries gave birth to the system of racial classification we know today?

Back 2

England and Spain

Front 3

Since new trading routes and economic partnerships were being sought to satisfy Europe's growing capitalist enterprise, expeditions began to set off for new corners of the globe. This so-called ___ commenced as Spanish and Portuguese explorers traveled south to Africa and east to Indochina.

Back 3

Age of Discovery

Front 4

In 15th century Spain, we can witness, in embryonic form, what we now call __. A brand new identity was being fashioned, one based not on religion, family, or trade but on national affiliation.

Back 4

Nationalism

Front 5

As Europe's political landscape was undergoing massive reorganization, so, too, was its economic system. __ was on the march.

Back 5

Capitalism

Front 6

People began to reject superstition and myth. They began to explain the world, not in terms of magical or religious forces but in terms of rational forms of though. Sociologists call this the __. This was the age of great intellectual revolutions in science, economics, political theory, philosophy, religion, and art.

Back 6

Disenchantment of the World

Front 7

__ refers to the historical era marked by the rise of nations and nationalism, the development of capitalism, global expansion and the European discovery of "the New World," the disenchantment of the world, and rapid growth of scientific knowledge.

Back 7

Modernity

Front 8

__ occurs when a foreign power invades a territory and establishes enduring systems of exploitation and domination over that territory's indigenous populations.

Back 8

Colonialism

Front 9

__ were the first to colonize the Americas.

Back 9

The Spaniards

Front 10

One of the most famous explorers was __. In 1519, he led a band of __, mercenary soldiers licensed by the Spanish Crown to capture the lands and riches of the New World, as well as the souls of its inhabitants.

Back 10

Hernan Cortes; conquistadors

Front 11

The English creation of "the Indian" was accomplished in what two major steps?

Back 11

Homogenization and polarization.

Front 12

After the first major outbreak of violence against Native Americans in 1622, a flood of violence unleashed against North America's indigenous population. Historians call this violence the __. The end would not come until 350 years later in the Wounded Knee Massacre.

Back 12

Indian Wars

Front 13

Laborers who were bound to an employer for a fixed amount of time, after which they were freed.

Back 13

Indentured servants

Front 14

English settlers needed indentured servants ("exploitable people") to exploit the resources of America. Where did these people come from? (6)

Back 14

1) Individuals who had bartered their passage to America in exchange for years of labor
2) Ex-prisoners who had been released from English jails
3) Impoverished English men, women, and children, kidnapped from the streets of London and Liverpool
4) Native Americans, stolen from their tribal homelands
5) Africans brought to America by the slave trade
6) Hundreds were the "savage Irish," conquered in war and sold through the "Irish slave trade" into bondage.

Front 15

By the 1620s, a __, comprising dozens of large settlements organized around agricultural production for profit and reliant on coerced labor, had been set up.

Back 15

Plantation system

Front 16

As colonization pushed forward, the demand for servants increased and conditions under which they toiled grew harsher. Indentured servitude in America steadily evolved into __.

Back 16

Slavery

Front 17

As poor whites gained their freedom, enslaved blacks descended into a state of permanent __: Africans were treated as any other piece of property, bought and sold at owners' discretion.

Back 17

Chattel slavery

Front 18

Black slavery would become __ (meaning it would be incorporated into American society as a formalized and normalized establishment) through a series of social and legal changes that took place between 1660 and 1860.

Back 18

Institutionalized

Front 19

Africans were brought to America through the __, an economic system that relied on transporting kidnapped Africans from their homeland to the Americas.

Back 19

Atlantic slave trade

Front 20

The voyage from the west coast of Africa to America, across the Atlantic, was called the __.

Back 20

Middle Passage

Front 21

The white group of laborers, while they received a low wage, were compensated in part by a sort of public and __.

Back 21

Psychological wage

Front 22

During slavery, blacks in bondage soon came to be regulated under a set of laws called __, which denied blacks citizenship and governed even the most intimate spheres of their lives.

Back 22

Slave codes

Front 23

Since its inception, blackness always has been defined through the __, which renders "black" anyone with any amount, no matter how miniscule, of African blood.

Back 23

One-drop rule

Front 24

Sometimes, slaves' resistance was not so subtle. Dozens of __ took place over the course of American slavery.

Back 24

Slave rebellions

Front 25

Since the beginning days of American slavery, whites and blacks, together, called for its abolition, thus earning the name __.

Back 25

Abolitionists

Front 26

Recognizing the slaves' poverty, and eager to punish the South, William Sherman issued a decree in January 1865 that allotted forty acres of land to recently freed heads of households as well as to slaves who had fought in the Union army. This policy came to be known as __ and was the nation's first and only attempt at offering reparations for slavery.

Back 26

Forty Acres and a Mule

Front 27

The period from 1863 to 1877 is known as __, a time when the nation put itself back together, reincorporating the Southern states and reinventing American citizenry, white and black alike.

Back 27

Reconstruction

Front 28

Immediately after the fall of slavery, Southern states began implementing __, variants of slave codes that restricted the rights of newly freed blacks.

Back 28

Black codes

Front 29

The __ came in 1868 and extended citizenship rights to blacks.

Back 29

Fourteenth Amendment

Front 30

The __ came in 1870 and gave black men the right to vote.

Back 30

Fifteenth Amendment

Front 31

As Reconstruction came to a close, the era of __ segregation began in earnest. The term became associated with strict racial segregation reinforced under the terms of law.

Back 31

Jim Crow

Front 32

__ ruled that racial segregation was constitutional, since black and white facilities were "separate but equal."

Back 32

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Front 33

President Monroe recognized Mexican independence, becoming the first world leader to do so, and announced that the Americas would not be considered for future colonization by European powers. This declaration became known as the __.

Back 33

Monroe Doctrine

Front 34

The Monroe Doctrine simultaneously outlawed the European conquest of Latin America and invited the American conquest of that land.

Back 34

Manifest Destiny

Front 35

Mexico was defeated by the U.S. in 1848, and, through the __, the U.S acquired land that today is New Mexico, California, Utah, Nevada, parts of Arizona, and disputed areas of Texas.

Back 35

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Front 36

Two strategies for acquiring tribal land, for solving "the Indian problem," were put forth:

Back 36

Assimilation (required the dashing out of indigenous ways of life) and Removal (meant that tribes would be kicked off their land at gunpoint)

Front 37

A series of harsh laws, passed between 1830 and 1890 and enforced by military action, created what was called __, or land allotted by the U.S. government for tribal use.

Back 37

Indian Territory

Front 38

The __, signed into law by President Andrew Jackson, permitted the forcible removal of Native Americans occupying fertile lands east of the Mississippi River.

Back 38

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Front 39

__ dissolved tribal landholding by allotting certain pieces of land to individual Indians residing on reservations.

Back 39

The Indian Allotment Act

Front 40

The term__ is a European invention, a kind of racial shorthand that subsumes under a single homogenizing category the peoples of China, Japan, Korea, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Burma, Hawaii, etc.

Back 40

Asian

Front 41

Between 1886 and 1935, some 13 million immigrants from countries such as Austria, Hungary, Italy, and Russia flocked to America. They were called __.

Back 41

"New immigrants"

Front 42

Between the European discovery of America and the early twentieth century, new __-collections of ideas about race the were developed by secular authorities such as philosophers, writers, and scientists-rose to prominence and helped to form classification systems riveted in white supremacy.

Back 42

Racial discourses

Front 43

Of all the secular authorities, the group that proved most influential in solidifying racial taxonomies was the __, who were interested in classifying so-called people groups.

Back 43

Natural historians

Front 44

__ refers to a program that would ensure genetic purity.

Back 44

Eugenics

Front 45

Herbert Blumer's ___ hypothesizes that interpersonal racism will increase in one group the more it feels threatened by another.

Back 45

Theory of Social Position

Front 46

Today, 1 in 40 people claim ___, that is, to belong to two or more racial groups.

Back 46

Multiracial heritage

Front 47

__ and __ have the highest proportion of people identifying as biracial or multiracial.

Back 47

Asians and Latinos