Semester 2 Finals Bio

Front 1

who was gregor mendel

Back 1

-father of genetics

-observed pea plants

Front 2

difference between a dominant and recessive trait

Back 2

dominant alleles cover up the presence of other alleles for the same trait, recessive alleles are masked by a dominant allele for the same trait

Front 3

know how to make a mono-hybrid cross using a punnet square

Back 3

.

Front 4

phenotype

Back 4

physical

Front 5

genotype

Back 5

the letters

Front 6

heterozygous

Back 6

two of the same alleles in a trait (HH, tt)

Front 7

homozygous

Back 7

dissimilar alleles (Hh)

Front 8

what is a mutation

Back 8

changing of a structure of a gene

Front 9

age of the earth

Back 9

4.6 billion years

Front 10

radiometric dating

Back 10

the breaking down of natural materials inside of other materials at a known rate

Front 11

earliest forms of life

Back 11

anaerobic prokaryotes

Front 12

natural selection

Back 12

animals best suited to their environment reproduce quicker

Front 13

what drives natural selection

Back 13

positive mutations

Front 14

darwin's voyage

Back 14

HMS Beagle, The Origin of Species, Galapagos islands

Front 15

homologous

Back 15

inherited from a common ancestor

Front 16

analogous

Back 16

not inherited from a common ancestor

Front 17

vestigual structures

Back 17

structure that was useful to an ancestor but we don't have a need for it today

Front 18

hardy-weinberg equilibrium conditions

Back 18

large population

no positive mutations

no natural selection

random mating

no leaving

Front 19

DNA sequence similarities

Back 19

.

Front 20

bipedal

Back 20

walks on two feet

Front 21

patterns of evolution

Back 21

convergent

Front 22

lamarack's acquired traits

Back 22

idea that physical traits acquired over a certain amount of time will be passed on to offspring

Front 23

function of skeletal system

Back 23

support, movement, blood cell production etc.

Front 24

know the bones of the human body

Back 24

.

Front 25

ligaments

Back 25

hold joints together

Front 26

types of joints

Back 26

fixed, slightly moveable, freely moveable

Front 27

osteocytes

Back 27

living bone cells found in compact bone

Front 28

function of muscular system

Back 28

movement

Front 29

function of tendons and ligaments

Back 29

tendons connect muscle to bone, ligaments connect bone to bone

Front 30

smooth muscle

Back 30

involuntary, found in walls of stomach

Front 31

cardiac muscle

Back 31

involuntary, found in walls of heart

Front 32

skeletal

Back 32

voluntary bones

Front 33

conditions for contraction and relaxation

Back 33

?

Front 34

extensor and flexor muscles

Back 34

flexor: muscle that bends a joint

extensor: muscle that straightens a joint

Front 35

origin

Back 35

point where muscle attaches to stationary bone

Front 36

insertion

Back 36

point where muscle attaches to moving bone

Front 37

function of skin

Back 37

protection and senses

Front 38

function of melanin and keratin

Back 38

melanin gives skin pigment and keratin is a leathery waterproof layer of skin

Front 39

function of respiratory system

Back 39

exchange gases with cardiovascular system

Front 40

identify structures of the respiratory system

Back 40

Front 41

role of alveoli

Back 41

clusters of tiny air sacs branching off of the bronchiole

Front 42

understand how gases are exchanged in bronchiole

Back 42

.

Front 43

function of immune system

Back 43

seek out and destroy disease-carrying organisms or substances

Front 44

role of helper T cells

Back 44

recognize disease filled antigens, find them and destroy them.

Front 45

function of antibodies

Back 45

protein that reacts, inactivates, or destroys an antigen

Front 46

roles of memory cells

Back 46

make the antibodies that kill antigens

Front 47

vaccines

Back 47

medication that contains a dead or weakened pathogen or material of a pathogen. prompts an immune response

Front 48

HIV damage to immune system

Back 48

will only reproduce one time in a helper t cell

Front 49

body's first line of defense

Back 49

muccus and skin

Front 50

function of digestive system and organs

Back 50

digestion and absorption

Front 51

bile production and storage location

Back 51

bile is a liquid that digests fat that is made by the liver but stored in the gull bladder

Front 52

villi role in absorption

Back 52

where nutrients enter the blood stream

Front 53

chemical digestion location and example

Back 53

digestive enzyme (amylase) breaks carbohydrates down into sugar

Front 54

fat soluble vitamins

Back 54

A D E and K

Front 55

role of peristalis

Back 55

pushes food into the stomach

Front 56

function of circulatory system

Back 56

delivery of oxygen, nutrient molecules, and hormones

Front 57

location of ventricles and atria

Back 57

lower chamber

Front 58

thickness of heart walls

Back 58

.

Front 59

function of capillaries, arteries, and veins

Back 59

transport blood

Front 60

label heart diagram

Back 60

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Front 61

location of oxgenated and deoxygenated blood

Back 61

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Front 62

hemoglobin function

Back 62

carries oxygen from lungs to the tissues of the body

Front 63

red blood cells function

Back 63

transports oxygen and co2

Front 64

white blood cells function

Back 64

destroy bacteria and viruses

Front 65

plasma

Back 65

carries vitamins, minerals, amino acids, glucose, and hormones to body, brings waste to kidney and lungs

Front 66

platelets

Back 66

form blood clots

Front 67

function of nervous system

Back 67

transmits signals between different parts of the body

Front 68

parts of nervous system

Back 68

spinal cord/brain, nerves

Front 69

label parts of a neuron

Back 69

axon terminals, schwann's cells, axon, node of ronvier, myelin sheath, nucleus, cell body

Front 70

function of neuron parts

Back 70

axon terminals: transmitters, schwann's cells: make myelin, axon: conducting fiber, myelin sheath: insulating layer fatty layer that speeds transmission

Front 71

right/left side of brain roles

Back 71

each side represents the opposite side of the body

Front 72

motor neuron function

Back 72

carry information from central nervous system to muscles and glands

Front 73

neurotransmitter function

Back 73

transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell

Front 74

function of myelin sheath

Back 74

to insulate and speed up transmission of action potentials

Front 75

role of eyes

Back 75

to see

Front 76

role of ears

Back 76

to hear

Front 77

role of skin

Back 77

respond to movement, heat, and pain