Sedimentary

Front 1

Pedocal

Back 1

Soil in desert climate

- O and A compressed (no top soil)

- Carbonate nodule in B

Front 2

Pedalfur

Back 2

Soil in temperate climate

- Caliche nodules (calcite) in B -> binds other minerals like clay, gravel, sand, clay etc

Front 3

How are calcite nodules formed?

Back 3

Formed when soils are well drained, repeatedly wet and dry

Front 4

Laterite

Back 4

Soil in the tropics

- Red soil from Iron oxide and aluminum

- wet warm climate

- Thick A and B horizon

Front 5

Paleosol

Back 5

Soil buried by subsequent depositional events

- Usually deposited in flood plains

- Originally on top but something came in and buried them, no more interaction with atmos or animal life

Front 6

What are paleosols, pedalfer, pedocal and laterites useful for?

Back 6

Evidence for degree of drainage, biological presence, horizon depth and composition provide climatic indicators

Front 7

How would you recognize a paleosol?

Back 7

- Root casts

- Burrows

- Oxidized coloring

- Crumbly appearance

- peds and cutons

Front 8

What is a ped?

Back 8

- A clump of paleosol

Front 9

What is a cuton?

Back 9

- Shiny clay skin around the ped

Front 10

Do paleosols have biological evidence?

Back 10

Yes, burrows = biological evidence = ichnofossil

Front 11

Mineral content in paleosol?

Back 11

Kaolinite (wet conditions)

Smectite (drier)

Illite (driest)

Front 12

Rock fall caused by?

Back 12

Stress release mechanism

Front 13

Controls on erosion?

Back 13

1) Climate

2) Slope (topography)

3) Vegetation (more trees, less rundown)

4) Bedrock/soil lithology/composition

Front 14

Three components of texture

Back 14

1) Framework (coarse grained components -> clasts)

2) Matrix (finer grained components -> mud; clay and silt)

3) Cement (crystalline components -> quartz, calcite)

Front 15

Clastic vs Crystalline?

Back 15

Clastic: rock or mineral fragments that touch tangentially

Crystalline: solid mineral crystals, interlocked or intergrown

Front 16

What is fabric?

Back 16

Random or uniform orientation/arrangement/packing of grains.

- Includes type of grain contacts

Front 17

2 types of fabric

Back 17

Imbrication: shingles (parallel axes)

Fissility: Parallel layers that flake off in perfect mica shaped thin pieces (ex shale)

Front 18

Discoidal is?

Back 18

Donut shape

Front 19

Discoidal, spherical, prismoidal are words to describe?

Back 19

Sphericity of grains

Front 20

Micro relif

Back 20

Grain surface

Front 21

Pits, indentations, polished, etching, percussion marks are all things that affect?

Back 21

Micro relief (grain surface on face of the rock)

Front 22

Porosity and permeability

Back 22

Porosity = volume of spaces between grains

Permeability = how pores are interconnected

Front 23

Better porosity in what type of sorting?

Back 23

Well sorted

Front 24

Kaolinite goes to ________ during burial?

Back 24

Illite