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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what do narcotics do |
make us feel sleepy |
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what do stimulants include |
caffeine - fizzy drinks amphetamines - speed |
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what do stimulants dk |
increase neurotransmittion which then increases alertness heart rate and breathing rate and speeds up reaction times |
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what do depressants inckys |
alcohol and barbiturates like GHB and Amytal |
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what do depressants dk |
slow down the nervous system and reactions |
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what do painkillers/analgesics include |
paracetamol aspirin heroin and morphine |
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what do painkillers dk |
block nerve impulses travelling to the part of the brain responsible for perceiving pain |
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what does an overdose do |
damages the liver and causes death |
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what are hallucinogens |
LSD |
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what do hallucinogens do |
change the way our brains work distorting our senses, changing how we see feel and hear |
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what does smoking during pregnancy do |
reduces the amount of oxygen available to the growing foetus which leads to miscarriage and premature birth and low weight of babies at birth |
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what is the addictive substance in Tobacco smoke |
nicotine |
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what does nicotine create |
a dependency |
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what does carbon monoxide in smoking do |
combines with the haemoglobin in red blood cells and reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen |
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what do carcinogens do |
cause cancer |
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what does smoking increase |
Risk of lung cancer mouth cancer and throat cancer |
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what is the alcohol in alcoholic drinks |
ethanol |
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why is there a legal limit for alcohol when driving |
it impairs the ability of people to control their vehicles properly |
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short term effects of alcohol |
sleepiness blurred vision slurred speech lower inhibitions impaired balance impaired judgement impaired muscle control |
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long term effects of alcohol |
damage to liver damage to brain affects learning and memory cirrhosis |
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what does a successful transplant have to have |
similar tissues from donor to patient similar ages from donor to patient similar locations as organs deteriorate quickly how ill the patient is |
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what's an ethical issue |
one that has rights and wrongs |
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what is an argument of an ethical issue |
some people think certain lifestyles can cause diseases some think lifestyle is a choice |
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what is the ethical issue for alcoholics |
some hospitals won't give liver transplants to patients unless they can stay off alcohol for more than six months |
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what is the ethical issue for clinically obese people |
some hospitals won't give heart transplants to obese people unless they Stick to a weight loss diet |
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what is the ethical issue with who gives transplants |
some donors would like to choose who gets their organs and some think you should be able to sell organs from relatives or themselves |
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what are pathogens |
micro organisms that cause infectious disease |
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what does bacteria do in the body |
release toxins that make us ill |
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what are some pathogens |
bacteria viruses fungi |
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what do viruses do inside the body |
they get inside a cell and take over and make thousands of copies of itself. then the virus copied fill the whole host cell and burst it open then the viruses are passed out the body in the blood stream or airways |
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how do pathogens pass from one person to the other |
direct constant and vectors |
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what is vehicle Bourne transmission |
an object carrying the disease-causing micro organism |
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how does water spread diseases |
it may contain bacteria such as those than contain cholera |
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how does food spread diseases |
may contain food poisoning bacteria such as salmonella |
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how does airborne spread diseases |
influenza and cold viruses spread in the air through coughing or sneezinf |
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how does contact spread diseasss |
athletes foot fungus from showering or swimming pools |
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how do body fluids spread diseases |
hiv such as blood on a shared disease or during sex |
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how do animal vectors spread disease |
house flies can carry dysentery bacteria from human faeces to good insects that bite like the Anopheles mosquito can cause pathogens into human blood |
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what are physical barriers |
stop pathogens getting inside the body |
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what are chemical defences |
help kill pathogens before they harm us |
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how is the skin a physical barrier |
it covers the whole body protecting against physical damage microbe infection and dehydration. it's dry outer cells are difficult for microbes to penetrate and the sebaceous glands produce oils that help kill microbes |
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how are nasal hairs mucus and cilia physical barfiers |
nasal hairs keep out dust and larger micro organisms, sticky mucus traps dust and microbes which are carried away by cilia |
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how are tears a chemical defence |
contain an enzyme called lysozyme which destroys micro organisms |
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how is stomach acid a chemical defence |
contains hydro chloric acid which destroys micro organisms |
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what are plant defencds |
produce antibacterial chemicals so they can defend themselves against micro organisms |
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how does the antibacterial plant of a sprig of mint work |
it has antibacterial properties |
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how does witch hazel work |
can be used to prevent an infection getting in through the skin |
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what are antiseptics |
kill micro organisms outside the body |
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what are antibacterials |
prevent pathogens from causing damage |
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what are antibacterials |
prevent pathogens from causing damage |
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what are anti biotics |
they kill/prevent growth of bacteria and some fungi |
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what are antibacterials |
prevent pathogens from causing damage |
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what are anti biotics |
they kill/prevent growth of bacteria and some fungi |
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what are andifungals |
antibitiocs that only affect fungi |
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what are antibacterials |
prevent pathogens from causing damage |
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what are anti biotics |
they kill/prevent growth of bacteria and some fungi |
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what are andifungals |
antibitiocs that only affect fungi |
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how are antiseptics used |
to clean an open wound as well as surfaces on objects like toilets |
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what are antibacterials |
prevent pathogens from causing damage |
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what are anti biotics |
they kill/prevent growth of bacteria and some fungi |
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what are andifungals |
antibitiocs that only affect fungi |
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how are antiseptics used |
to clean an open wound as well as surfaces on objects like toilets |
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what is antibiotic resistance an example of |
natural selection |
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what are antibacterials |
prevent pathogens from causing damage |
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what are anti biotics |
they kill/prevent growth of bacteria and some fungi |
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what are andifungals |
antibitiocs that only affect fungi |
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how are antiseptics used |
to clean an open wound as well as surfaces on objects like toilets |
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what is antibiotic resistance an example of |
natural selection |
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how does anti biotic resistance occur |
in a large population of bacteria there may be some unaffected by the antibiotic. these survive and reproduce creating more bacteria that aren't affected by the antibiotic. |
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what are antibacterials |
prevent pathogens from causing damage |
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what are anti biotics |
they kill/prevent growth of bacteria and some fungi |
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what are andifungals |
antibitiocs that only affect fungi |
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how are antiseptics used |
to clean an open wound as well as surfaces on objects like toilets |
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what is antibiotic resistance an example of |
natural selection |
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how does anti biotic resistance occur |
in a large population of bacteria there may be some unaffected by the antibiotic. these survive and reproduce creating more bacteria that aren't affected by the antibiotic. |
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what's an example of bacteria resistant to most antiobiotics |
MRSA |
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what are antibacterials |
prevent pathogens from causing damage |
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what are anti biotics |
they kill/prevent growth of bacteria and some fungi |
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what are andifungals |
antibitiocs that only affect fungi |
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how are antiseptics used |
to clean an open wound as well as surfaces on objects like toilets |
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what is antibiotic resistance an example of |
natural selection |
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how does anti biotic resistance occur |
in a large population of bacteria there may be some unaffected by the antibiotic. these survive and reproduce creating more bacteria that aren't affected by the antibiotic. |
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what's an example of bacteria resistant to most antiobiotics |
MRSA |
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how do we stop resistant bacteria |
avoid unecessary use of antibiotics always complete the full course |
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what are antibacterials |
prevent pathogens from causing damage |
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what are anti biotics |
they kill/prevent growth of bacteria and some fungi |
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what are andifungals |
antibitiocs that only affect fungi |
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how are antiseptics used |
to clean an open wound as well as surfaces on objects like toilets |
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what is antibiotic resistance an example of |
natural selection |
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how does anti biotic resistance occur |
in a large population of bacteria there may be some unaffected by the antibiotic. these survive and reproduce creating more bacteria that aren't affected by the antibiotic. |
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what's an example of bacteria resistant to most antiobiotics |
MRSA |
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how do we stop resistant bacteria |
avoid unecessary use of antibiotics always complete the full course |
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what's interdependance |
the dynamic relationship between all living things. |
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what are antibacterials |
prevent pathogens from causing damage |
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what are anti biotics |
they kill/prevent growth of bacteria and some fungi |
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what are andifungals |
antibitiocs that only affect fungi |
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how are antiseptics used |
to clean an open wound as well as surfaces on objects like toilets |
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what is antibiotic resistance an example of |
natural selection |
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how does anti biotic resistance occur |
in a large population of bacteria there may be some unaffected by the antibiotic. these survive and reproduce creating more bacteria that aren't affected by the antibiotic. |
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what's an example of bacteria resistant to most antiobiotics |
MRSA |
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how do we stop resistant bacteria |
avoid unecessary use of antibiotics always complete the full course |
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what's interdependance |
the dynamic relationship between all living things. |
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what limits the length of a food chain |
energy is transferred along food chains from one stage to the next but not all the energy available to organisms at one stage can be absorbed by the organisms at the next. the amount of available energy decreased from one stage to the next |
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how is most of the available energy used up |
energy released by respiration is used for movement and is eventually lost as heat to the surroundings. energy is lost in waste materials like faeces |
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how is growth in human population putting strains on the global environment |
1) non renewable resources such as coal oil and natural gas are being used up rapidly
2) raw materials are used up rapidly
3) more waste is being produced
4) more pollution |
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what are 4 main pollutants |
smoke Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide sulfur dioxide |
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what is the affect of sulfur dioxide on the environment |
contributes to acid ran |
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what is the effect of carbon dioxide on the environment |
greenhouse gas that contributed to global warming |
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what is carbon monoxides effect on the environment |
poisonous gas |
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what are two air quality indicators |
lichens and black spot fungus on roses |
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how are black spot fungus on roses an indicator |
it grows well on roses in u polluted areas because it's killed by the presence of sulfur dioxide that would be found in polluted air |
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how are lichens an indicstor |
air pollutants dissolved in rainwater especially sulfur dioxide can damage lichens |
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if no lichens were growing somewhere what would this be a sign of |
that the air is heavily polluted with sulfur dioxide |
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what are indicators of polluted water |
blood worm sludge worm |
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why do the pyramid bars become narrower as you reach the top |
because the energy transferred at each tropic level decreases |
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what are indicators of clean water |
stonefly fresh water shrimp |
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what are 9 eutrophication steps. |
1) fertiliser is added 2) heavy rain washes fertiliser off 3) nitrates and phosphates dissolve in soil water 4) nitrates and phosphates not dissolved wash into stream/river 5) high nitrate and phosphate concentrations cause plants and algae to grow rapidly 6) these surface plants Block sunlight so plants in the water die and stop producing oxygen through photosynthesis 7) bacteria increase and use up oxygen from the water 8) oxygen concentration in water decreases 9) fish die due to lack of oxygen |
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how is glass recyclable |
it can be melted and remoulded to make new objects |
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how is metal recycable |
takes less energy to melt and remould metals than to extract new metals |
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how's paper recyclable |
broken into small pieces and reformed to make new sheets of paper |
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how is plastic recyclable |
as fleece clothing so we use less crude oil |
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why is recycling good |
reduces waste disposal and demand for resources |
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how is carbon recycled |
1) during photosynthesis plants remove Co2 from atmosphere 2) carbon compounds pass along a food chain 3) during respiration organisms realise co2 into atmosphere 4) de composers release co2 5) combustion of fossil fuels release co2 5) animals eat plants so carbon is pssed |
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what does lightning fo |
converts nitrogen gas into nitrates |
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what does nitrogen fixing bacteria di |
can fix nitrogen gas |
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how do fleas survie |
live on the skin of other animals and suck their blood (feeds flea weakens the host) |
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what does nitrifying bacteria di |
convert ammonia into nitrates |
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what does soil bacteria do |
convert proteins and urea into ammonia |
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what does denitrifying bacteria do |
convert nitrates into nitrogen gas (nitrites) |
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how do head lice survive |
bite other animals to feed off their blood |
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how do tapeworms survive |
live inside another animal, attaching itself to the host's gut and absorbing it's food (host loses nutrition and may develop diarrhoea Weight loss and vomiting) |
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how do mistletoe survive |
the roots of mistletoe grow into the veins of a host trees to absorb nutrients and minerals |
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what is an oxpeckers mutualism |
oxpecker eats parasitic insects that live on the skin of a herbivore |
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what are cleaner fishes mutualism |
these feed off the dead skin and parasites of larger fish such as sharks which provides the cleaner fish with food and keeps larger fish clean |
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what is nitrogen fixing bacteria in legumes mutualism |
the plants gain nitrates from the bacteria and the bacteria gain sugars from the plants |
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what are chemosynthetic bacteria in tube worms in deep sea vents mutualism |
these use chemicals from tape worms in order to get substances to make food rather than light. in return the tube worms feed off substances made by the bacteria |
