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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is artificial insemination?
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a reproductive technology that includes collecting sperm from a male and injecting it into a female; widely used to breed farm animals, especially dairy cattle
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What are assisted reproductive technologies?
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technologies that are used to achieve fertilization and pregnancy; most assisted reproductive technologies include removing egg cells from a woman's body, fertilizing them, and then placing the embryos in the uterus
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What is a blastula?
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a hollow ball of cells about 1.5mm in diameter that forms after the second week of embryonic development
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What is differentiation?
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in humans, the process in which cell layers will eventually form the organs and tissues of a baby
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What is the diploid number?
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two sets of chromosomes (2n); the diploid number for a human cell is 46 (2x23)
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What is the ectoderm?
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the outside layer of the gastrula; cells in this layer will form skin and the nervous system
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What is an embryo?
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the stage of a multicellular organism that develops from a zygote
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What is embryonic development?
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early development of a multicellular organism following fertilization
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What is the endoderm?
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the inner layer of the gastrula; cells in this layer will form the lungs, liver, and the lining of the digestive
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What is external fertilization?
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fertilization in which a sperm cell and an egg cell unite outside the bodies of the parents
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What is the fertilization?
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the process during which an egg cell is penetrated by a sperm cell and the haploid genetic information of both male and female gametes combine
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What is the fetus?
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the stage of a multicellular organism that develops from an embryo
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What are gametes?
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specialized cells necessary for reproduction; in animals, male gametes are called sperm cells and female gametes are called egg cells
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What is the gastrula?
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the stage of a developing embryo in which the cells of the blastula organize into three layers
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What is genetic diversity?
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inherited genetic differences in a species that give many organisms a survival advantage
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What is the haploid number?
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each set of inherited chromosomes, half the diploid number (n); humans inherit one set of 23 chromosomes from their female parent and one set of 23 chromosomes from their male parent
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What are homologous chromosomes?
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a pair of matching chromosomes
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What is in vitro fertilization?
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technology used to treat specific fertility problems by fertilizing an egg cell in a petri dish
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What is independent assortment?
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an event in meiosis I in which homologous pairs of chromosomes separate and sort themselves into daughter cells; a shuffling of genes that contributes to variation and genetic diversity
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What is internal fertilization?
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fertilization in which sperm cells are deposited inside the female's body where they meet egg cells
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What is a karyotype?
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a photomicrograph that shows the number of chromosomes a person has, as well as their size and shape, prepared by cutting and pasting chromosomes taken from body cells during mitosis; used to diagnose genetic disorders
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What is mating?
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the process by which gametes arrive in the same place at the same time
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What is meiosis?
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the process that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes as body cells
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What is the mesoderm?
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the middle layer of the gastrula; cells in this layer will form the kidneys, skeleton, muscles, blood vessels, and reproductive organs
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What is the morula?
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a ball of cells of about 0.2mm in diameter that forms after the first week of embryonic development
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What are ovules?
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the female plant structures that contain the egg cells
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What is pollen?
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plant structures called grains that carry the sperm cells in a protective case to the ovules
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What is a pollen tube?
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a structure that delivers sperm cells to egg cells in plants; formed after pollen lands on the female part of a plant
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What is pollination?
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the transfer of male gametes in pollen from the male reproductive part of a plant to the female reproductive part of a plant
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What is sexual reproduction?
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reproduction that requires two parents and produces offspring that are genetically different from each other, from either parent, and from any other member of their species
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What is a syndrome?
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a particular disease or disorder with a specific group of symptoms that occur together
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What is a zygote?
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the new diploid (Zn) cell formed by the process of fertilization, which receives half its chromosomes from its female parent and half from its male parent
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