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317 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Oral infective endocard
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HACEK: Hemophilus, actinobacillus, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella
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None
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S. epidermidis
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coag-neg staph - endocard w/ prosthetic valves
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Lyme dz symptoms
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Drooping left side face, ptosis caused by
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Lyme dz
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spirochete, Borrelia burg on Ixodes tick; test with Western blot, molec wt
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Nucleic acid testing
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PCR, RFLP, souther blot test for
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Events during translation
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1st AUG; initiator transfer to RNA carries methionine to AUG (at aminoacyl site) start codon; (MORE See problem 14 test #1) Add AA after methionine initiation; binding charged initiation of tRNA, formation of cmpleted initiation complex; hydrolysis of protein by peptidyl transferase
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CFTR anomaly
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delta F508 mutation, interferes with protein folding needed for a stable structure
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hydroxyurea
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inhibits formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides
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C reactive proteins
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Rise with inflam., nonspecific
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Meningitis clinical signs
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neck still, mental status change, + lumbar puncture
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Ostium primum defect
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Failure of this to fuse with endocardial cushions
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Pompe Dz
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Glycogen storage Dz; Glycogen accum in all organs; Prominent muscle and skeletal symptoms; Lacks hypoglycemic and acidotic episodes
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Cholesterol metab prob
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congen adrenal hyperplasia metabolism problem
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Glucocerebroside
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Gaucher dz
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Tyrosinemia, albinism, alkaptonuria
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Tyrosine metablism items
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Southern blot
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DNA-DNA hybridization
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Southwestern blot
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DNA-protein; Protein sample electroph, filter, labeled DNA
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Western Blot
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Protein electroph, filter, antibody
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Metabolic acidosis
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low pH, low HCO3-
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DKA State
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Increased B-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate ratio (due to increased B-H production
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Increased in DKA state
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plasma catecholamines, glucagon
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Vit C symptoms
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Ecchymoses, splinter hemorrh, fragmentation of hair
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Floride affects
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ameloblasts
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Pentose phosphate shunt makes
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NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate
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mitochon ox phos makes
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ATP and water
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Citris acid cycle makes
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CO2, NADH, and FADH2
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B oxidation makes
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acetyl CoA to ketones (acetone and B-hydroxybutyrate) if acetyl CoA does not enter CAC
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Cretinism
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Causes pot belly, pale child, puffy face
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Mg deficiency
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decreased reflexes, plunts parathyroid responses to hypocalcemia
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Selenium deficiency
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reversible form of cardiomyopathy
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Carbox of glutamic acid
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requires Vit K
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Biotin deficiency
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causes alopecia
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Niacin deficiency causes
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dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea = pellagra
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Calcium oxalate crystals
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bipyramidal, pos birefring
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PKA activated by
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cAMP
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Glycogen phosphorylase kinase is phosphorylated and activated by
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PKA
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Glyvogen phosphorylase is phosphorylated and activated by
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Glycogen phosphorylase kinase
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Hartnup dz
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AA transport
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Krabbe
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lysosomal storage dz
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Niemann-Pick
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lysosomal storage dz
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Marfan and dislocated lenses
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cystathionine synthase deficiency (?), dislocation of bilateral lenses; methionine excess
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Increase Km
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Move X intercept closer to X = 0 (on neg side); x intercept = -1/Km.
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Less activity
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Higher on y axis
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Wet beriberi symptoms
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dilated cardiomyopathy
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dry beriberi symptoms
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polyneuropathy
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RibOflavin deficiency
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cheilosis, glossitis, dermatitis
Flavored red Cheerios on tongue and hand (skin) leave red mark |
None
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Phenylketonuria symtom
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musty odor and mental retardation
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Type 1 Collage mutation
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OI, multiple fractures
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Homobox genes
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problem in transcription factors; supranumerary ribs, digits
(Keep ribs and fingers at home in hox, people who could not type (transcribe)) |
None
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Achondroplasia
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signaling defect through FGFR3, constant activation
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Histadine decarboxylase
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converts tyrosine to DOPA
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Argininosuccinase
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urea cycle enz cleaves fumarate off arginosuccinate, producing arginine
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Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
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performs 1st step in conversion of lipid cholesterol to bile acid
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Homogentisate oxidase
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tyrosine catabolism, defective in alkaptonuria
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Thrombin function
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Serine protease, just as chymotrypsin, trypsin, plasmin, plasminogen, elastase; Thrombin cleases fibrinogen to form a fibrin clot
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Isovaleric acidemia
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aminoacidopathy, characteristic odor
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Vit B12 needed
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Conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA
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Vit B6 needed
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Degredation of cystathionine
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Folate supplementation
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Megaloblastic anemia, not Sickle cell dz
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Homozygouns sickle cell
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needs hydroxyurea tx
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Sickle cell symptoms
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pain crisis, arthralgia, ab pain w/ vomiting
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Lipoprotein lipase def
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Accum of chylomicrons (can't be broken down)
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Maple syrup Dz
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branched chain ketoaciduria; BC ketoacid dehydrogenase defect
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Tyrosine abnormalities
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tyrosinemia, albinism, alkaptonuria
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G6PD
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XR, should not affect females
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Pyruvate kinase def
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RBC can't make enough ATP to maintain Na/K pump, secondary to swelling and lysis
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Fat breakdown
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ATP tp AMP = -2 ATP; i.e. 10 carbon split 4 X making 20 ATP; Each Acetyl CoA uses 2 C, worth 12 ATP
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CK
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MM = muscle; BB = brain; MB = heart; Creatine kinase phosphorylates creatine to make CP
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Menkes Dz
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lack of Cu; depigmentation, lusterless hair, facial, ocular, vascular, cerebral manifestations
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Ca transprt defect
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arrhythmia, seizure, bone strength change
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Fattty acids make
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Acetyl CoA that is not used to make glucose
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Arginine
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AA precursor for NO
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Glycine
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Neurotransmitter, not a precursor
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Tyrosine hydroxylase
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Copper-dependent tyrosinase, deficiency causing albinism, blocks production of melanine from the aromatic amino acid tyrosine
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Hyunter Dz
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a glycoprotein disorder
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Homocystinuria Dz
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Disorder of sulfur-containing AA
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Iron supplementation and HbA1c
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Falsely decreased
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B12/Folate def and HbA1C
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Falsely elevated
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G6PD and RBC
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hemolysis, increased RBC turnover, falsely lower HcA1C
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Hemophilia A and blood
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coagulopathy
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LNS
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Also Cherry red spots, neuro degen, blindness, hepatosplenomeg.
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Marfan
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Elastin-associated microfibril defect
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Desmosomes
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focal contacts, w/ intermediate filaments
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Microfilaments
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actin polymers
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Transketolase require
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thiamine pyrophosphate (in pent phos path)
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Albumin synth requires
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Dolichol substratre for forming branched carbo trees, then transfer to proteins, occurs in RER, then golgi, then lysosome
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Dermatan sulfate and hyaluronic acid
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GAGs added to form proteoglycans, not glycoproteins
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I cell Dz
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course facial structure, clubbing of feet, large tongue; mannose phos. Problem
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DNA methylation in what dz
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fragile X
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Epi absence
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phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) mutation causes
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Succinate dehydrogenase
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Complex II
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Subacute thyroiditis
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de Quervain thyroiditis; very tender, resolves
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5 criteria for rheumatic
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carditis, migratory polyarthritis, subQ nodules, Syndenham's chorea, erythema marginatum. ; Minor: fever, arthralgia, elevated acute phase reactants, prolonged PR interval
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Pentagastrin-stimulated calcitonin secretion
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marker for medullary carinoma of thyroid, component of MEN II
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Epi
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Epi:NE ratio used to screen for pheochromocytomas
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Guillain Barre syndrome
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Spinal motor nerves probs; demyl of spinal and cranial motor nerves
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ARDS/diffuse alveolar damage
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Recruit neutrophils within alveolar capillaries, produce O2 radicals, prostaglandins, and proteases that damage epithelium.
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A/V fistula symptoms
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diastolic BP lowers, constant mean BP, increased CO, systemic vasc R decreased
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Bullos pemphigoid
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Skin condition assoc with Goodpasture; Ab against basement membrane in skin, making blistering dz
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Third degree AV block
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absence of relations b/w P and QRS
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Type II 2nd degree AV block
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non-conducted P waves preceding prolongation of PR interval
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Wencheback-type 1, 2nd degree AV block
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progressive prolongation of PR interval
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Sinoatrial exit block
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skipped beats with beats occurring at correct time
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Hypoventilation
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Pickwickian syndrome, phrenic nerve paralysis, poliomyelitis
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venules and veins
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Hemmorage, what constricts
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Thoracic duct
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drains right leg, all left side
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Prinzmetal's
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AT REST
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11Bhydroxylase def
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salt retention, weak mineral..deoxycort. Inc ACTH, virilize female fetus
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17 alph hydrox
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Male, female diminish; females have norm tract and genitalia, males feminized. Testes cannot make test, resulting in the feminization
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Coart
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Vasc R inc in lower body, not blood flow to lower body
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Abducens
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LR (6)
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orbicularis oculi
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facial nerve, closes eye
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Facial nerve
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platysma muscle innervation
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Dehydration
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High Na
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Right shift (exercise)
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O2 unloading: Inc. 2,3 DPG (w/ glycolysis), temp, PCO2, dec pH (accum lactic acid)
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Left shift
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CO causes _____ shift?
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pH 7.6, HCO3 @ 14; Met alkalosis w/ Stim resp center, followed by met acidosis
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Acute salicylate poisoning
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Trousseau syndrom
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migratory thrombophlebitis w/ cancer, esp parcreatic CA (RA does not have mig. Thrombophleb.)
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Anemia compensation
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Increased 2,3 DPG, CO, RBC H conc. DPG and H cause right shift, so mixed venous PO2 is dec.
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Inc test and Inc LH
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Labs in andro insensitivity
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Pregnancy
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Dillution of lab values is normal in ____, glucose can be positive (reference level lowers) and this is normal.
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Sertoli only
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only sertoli cells of seminif tubules are present (germinal cell aplasia). Spermatogenesis absent. Both male and female type tracks due to absence of Mullerian regression factor. Leydig make test, so have external male genitalia.
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Transmural infarction
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ST elevation in several leads plus elevated labs
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Unstable angina
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Heart enz elevation 2X normal upper limit
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Splinter hemorrhages
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Microemboli arising in arterial circulation create?
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eclampsia, hypovolemic shock, ascending infection
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Casues of renal failure in pregnancy
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Refetoff syndrome; resistance to thyroid hormone
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Mutation of gene receptor, short for age, hypothyroid symptoms; inc plasma TSH, I trapping, and serum T4 and T3.
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avovulation
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Dysfunctional bleeding, polycystic ovarian syndrom is a common cause, Test with progestin challenge (will cause mens. Bleeding and confirm this.
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Pepsin production
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Cause stress ulcers
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CCK
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causes gallblasder to contract after fatty meal
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NSAIDS and indomethacin
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Inhibitors of PG synthesis, facilitate PDA closure
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Severe anemia, wide pulse pressure
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Severe anemia causes (not cyanosis--does not occur)
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Nephrotic syndrome
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Membranous glomerulonephritis makes...Sm molecules filtered, cholesterol, TG, lipoproteins elevated. K, Na not affected.
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Hereditary spherocytosis
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cytoskeletal protein defect such as spectrin deficiency causing hereditary sphere. RBC have normal type of Hb
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Hydrops fetalis
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Ab against fetal blood cells, mom sensitized to fetal cells
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Remove renal cortex
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Renin increases since aldo down, lose Na, JR inc. renen.
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asbestosis and silicosis
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Examples of restrictive lung dz
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Couvoisier sign
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painless distention of gallbladder
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Biliary colic
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Acute syndrome, due to obstruction of cystic duct of common bile duct. Deep pain
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Cholestatic jaundice
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CA head of panc, compression of common bile duct leads to obstructive jaundice. Courvoisier sign (painless distention of gallbladder)
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Golgi tendon organs
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sense tension within muscle and produce inhib feedback to alpha motor neurons to relive tnesion. Alpha motor neurons carry morot impulses in a reflex arc in response to afferent info from intrafusal fiber stretch via 1a nerves.
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Babinski sign
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Extensor plantar reflex
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Dressler syndrome
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Autoimmune resulting in fibrouns pericarditis w/ fever and pleuropericardial chest pain several weeks afer myocardial infarction.
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Pulmonary caqpillary wedge pressure
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used to measure Lt atrial pressure; can be called pulm, capillary wedge pressure, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, or wedge pressure. Inflated and wedged in sm pulm artery.
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Prox tubule and water
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Site where most water reabsorbed
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Aorta to left pulm artery
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Dir of blood flow through PDA in infant (reverse prior to birth)
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Excretion rate
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UV in the GFR = UV/P
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Flow
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flow = Change in P/R, i.e. (100-10)/1 = 90
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Progesterone contraceptive
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increases last half of cycle
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vWF
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Has binding sites for collagen, platelets, and fibrin
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Tissue factor
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Protein released from injured tissue that works in concert with Factor VII to initiate extrinsic pathway
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Falctors VIII, IX, VII and TF
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Cleave Factor X to Xa
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Fibronectin
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Serum protein opsonin for phagocytic cells in clots
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Total lung capacity
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Only positive measured airway pressure
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Beginning of ejection
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When is diastolic BP in V-P chart?
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Immed before isometric relaxation
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When is closure of aortic valve (incisura or dicrotic notch
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Aortic and vent sys pressure
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Vent sys pressure 2-3 mm Hg higher
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Ach
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Most important neurotrans for induction of REM
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Serotonin fn
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CNS neurotrans for mood, sensation; periph, it is involved in vascular regulation and digestive fn
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Arterioles
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Highest wall cross section area to lumen CSA, highest resistance too; caps have no muscle in walls
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Tongue innervation
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V3: Anterior 2/3 of tongue somatic sensation (mandibular division); V2: Sensation from palage, upper gums, upper lip; VII nerve: tase from anterior 2/3 of tongue; IX: sensation and taste from posterior 1/3; X: sensation from the lower pharynx
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Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
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Lessen pain by overly stimulating, triggers inhib neurons ("gatekeepers")
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Allodynia
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perception of pain following a normally innocuous stimulation of mechanoreceptor
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Central pain
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Caused by thalamic lesions, originates at level of brain rather than periphery
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Plasma osm
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Calculate!! 42L; i.e. (12,600 mOsm - 2400)/(42-2 L) = 255 mOsm
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CCK
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Most important hormone for increasing intest. Blood flow
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VIP
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relaxes intest sm musc and stim gut secretion of water and electrolytes
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Secritin
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Stim secretion of bicarb-containing fluid from pancreas and biliary ducts
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Ovary
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Site of estradiol production prior to ovulation and during; after it is by corpus luteum (source of second rise)
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LH surge
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What enhances estrogen production by ovary?
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Osmolar Gap
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Gap = Osm (measured) - [(2Na+)] x (glucose/18) + (BUN/3)
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PCO2 down 4X
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Quadruple resp rate
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N. Meningitidis
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Waterhouse-Friderichsen
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Erythema chronicum migrans
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Lyme dz skin lesion with expanding eryth, clear center
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Bacterial myocarditis
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S. Aureus and C. diptheriae
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Novobiacin
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S. sap vs S. epiderm (sensitive)
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optochin
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S. pneumo (Sen) vs viridans strep
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high vaginal pH, diabetes, use of Ab
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Predispose to Candida
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Mono
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Rash with ampicillin
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Brucella abortus
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undulating fever, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomeg.
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Beta hemolytic strep
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Scarlet fever, phage mediated
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Clostridium
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Has lecithinase
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E.coli
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one-week old, nuchal rigidity, high CSF neutrophils
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N. Meningitidis
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Meningitidis, 2-3 decade
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Strep pneumo
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Alpha hemo, lysed by optochin
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Strep mutans
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Alpha hemo, not lysed by optochin
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Strep agalactiae
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Beta hemo, resistant to bacitracin
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Enterococcus faecalis
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Beta hemo, grows 40% bile and 6.5% NaCl
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Catalase-pos, gram + cocci
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Grow on mannitol salt agar
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H. Influ
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Epiglottitis
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18
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1 age for meningococcal meningitis
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JC virus (a polyomavirus) and measles virus
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Oligodendrocytes directly infected by what viruses
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JC virus (a polyomavirus)
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Cause of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
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Measles
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Cause of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
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HIV
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Peripheral nerves affected by what virus
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Candida
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Germ tube test used for…
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Camp j.
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Oxidase test using phenylenediamine used to test for (black colony is positive)
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coagulase test
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Test for fibrin production
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C. perfringens
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Nagler's reaction (test for lecithinase) used for
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catalase test
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Test with hydrogen peroxide
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B-chemokine
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CCR5 is a
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CXCR1, receptor for fractalkine
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Rapid progression of HIV in homozygous ___
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No
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CD8 and TNF-alpha involved in HIV binding
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staph aureus for the factors V (NAD) and X (hematin), of lysed RBC
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Redness, yellow crust on eye, need what to grow?
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Listeria
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Prefers cold temp for growth
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Bartonella henselae, also causes bacillary angiomatosis
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Catch stratch caused by?/ Also causes??
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Psoas abscess, flexion (it's primary action, and external rotate)
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Muscle affected after spinal TB, and what movement affected
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gluteus medius, g. maximus
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Hip abductors
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adductors longus, brevis, magnus
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hip adductors
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glut max
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hip extensors
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glut minimus, pectineus, gracillis
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internal (medial) rotator
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metronidozole, bismuth, subsalicylate, omeprozole, tetracycline or amoxicillin
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Treat H.Pylori
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amoxacillin
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penicillin assos w. diarrhea, mild intest irritation
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tetracycline
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Ab assoc with photosensitivity, mild epigastric distress, mild dizziness
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Beta-adrenergic receptor-blocker, B1, cardiac muscle
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Metoprolol
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dermatitis herpetiformis
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microscopic blisters
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psoriasis
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Munro abcesses
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actinic keratoses
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solar elastosis
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between petrous portion of the temporal bone and the greater wing of sphenoid
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Location of carotid canal
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Proteus, Ureaplsma, Nocardia, Cryptococcus, H. Pylori; this neutralizes acidic pH allowing organisms to invade mucosal surface, cause ulcer
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Usease producing organisms, what does this do in stomach
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catalase, superoxide dismutase (like anthrax), flagella (like uropath e.coli), mucinase (like V. cholara)
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H pylori protective mech
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hypersecretion of gastric acid, trophic increased density of parietal cells; decrease In G cells; basic level high, no increase with meal
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Zol ellison causes
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Erythema chronicum migrans, cardiac (AV nodal conduction defect), neurologic probs
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Lyme findings
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Ixodes dammini, transmits spirochete (is not vector itself)
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Deer tick
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mono-like symptoms
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Fibroblast and CMV
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aneurysm from atherosc. And dissect from HTN or Marfans (cyctic medial necrosis); vasculitis = aneurysm in sm arteries
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Abdominal aortic aneurysm vs aortic discection vs. vasculitis
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mexiletine, tocainide, lidocaine (indicated for c tach): shorten action potential duration and refract period and improve resting potential duration
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class 1B drugs
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Class II, ultrashort acting beta-1 adrenergic blocker
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esmolol
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glycosylphosphhatidylinositol (GPI ) anchor; ; - assoc with somatic mutations in PIG-A gene for PIG-AP (anchor protein); ; - sensitive to lysis by complement; prone to thrombosis and thomboembolism (potential intra hepatic for Budd-Chiari); - definitive test is Hamm test
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Parox defect
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masseter, medial pterygoid, temprarlis
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Close jaw
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greater wing of sphenoid and lower from lateral pterygoid plate
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two heads of lateral pterygoid arrise from
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Huntington's chorea
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Severe atrophy of caudate nucleus (med-size spiny neurons), less putamen and cerebral cortex, dilation of lateral ventricles. CAG trinucleotide repeat on short arm of chrom 4. No therapy
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Pick bodies
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silver-staining cytoplasmic inclusions
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Progressive supranuclear palsy
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widespread neuronal loss and gliosis in subcortical sites
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Brucella abortus
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dz with caseating granulomas, infect cardiovasc system--aotric valve most commonly, next mitral.
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Coccioiddes immitis
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dimorphic fungal dz, gransulomatous pulm syndrom; san joaquin river valley
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Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae--
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pleomorphic, gram neg rod, local infxns, fish, butchers, poultry, housewives.
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niacin effects
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reduces LDL in 5-7 days, max 3-5 wks, TG and VLDL reduced 20-40% in 1-4 days, HDL up 20%
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Cor pulmonale
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increasd in Rt vent outflow, causing Rt vent hypertrophy and dilatation, many sm emboli can cause this by reducing outflow
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inflammatory breast carcinoma
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Do inflam response; tumor spread into dermal lymphatics, producing diffuse induration and skin tenderness typical peau d'orange, older pt
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chronic mastitis
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perimenopausal, obstructed ducts due to inspissated secretions, resolves, mamogram shows calcification of ducts
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Dystonia
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acute extrapyramidal due to neuroleptic therapy (1st few days); Sustained eye deviation (oculogyric crisis), which is reversible with antihistamines, anticholinergics, or diazepam.
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akathisia
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restlessness, occur within months
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Tardive dyskinesia
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irreversible, involuntary choreoathetoid movements when pt treated with antipsychotics; unlikely to occur within first few days of therapy.
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Wiskott-aldrich syndrome
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X-linked SCID; presents w/ triad of purpura, eczema, and recurrent opportunistic infxn with organisms w/ capsule (S. pneumoniae).; Usually dec IgM and T-cells (later); ; most people die before 2nd decade; Bone marrow some success; Pt have defective response to polysaccharide Ag (due to cytoskel defect in T cell, inhibit binding to B cells)
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Gallstones
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Increase risk w/ Native Am; Fat, fertile, female, forty, flatulent; Predom cholest.; Mixed stones w/ crohn, CF, clofibrate therapy, estrogen Rx, rapid wt loss, Native Am.; Risk factors include chronic hemolysis, alcohol, biliary infxn
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Hemociderin MO
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Goodpasture, CHF
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Asthma
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Charcot-Leyden Crystals found in; rhomboid shape derived from enz w/I eosinophils
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Bronchogenic carcinoma
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Neoplastic cells w/ atypical features, inc N/C ratio, nuc hyperchromasia, irreg nuc contour
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Curschmann spirals
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COPD has ____ which are corkscrew-shaped casts resulting from mucus plugs
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Histoplasmosis
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3-5 micrometer yeast, vacuolated or granular appearance in cytoplasm
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Kruckenberg tumor
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ovarian metastasis of a mucin-producing adenocarcinoma.; Bilateral, arise from a GI primary (often stomach)
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Endometriosis
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Has blood filled cavities lined by endometrial tissue (chocolate cyst); Endometretioid tumors DO arise from this
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Clioblastoma multiforme
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Most frequent malignant neoplasm of brain; Malig degen astrocytes in white matter; present as ill-defined mass, necrosis, hemorrhage, rarely multifocal
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Thymidine dimer
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UV radiation casue covalent linkage b/w two adjacent T NS, NS excision repair problem
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Ataxia-telangiectasias
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ATM gene product, member of PI-3 kinase family, mitogenic signal transduction, detection of DNA damage, and cell cycle control
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HNPCC (heteditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
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mismatch repair
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cerebral ataxia
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DNA repair enz deficiency
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Fragile X
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Break point at q27.3; Culture lyms w/ folate deficient medium or methotrexae that tend to break chromosomes; For diagnosis, 4% of metaphase chroms must show break; Break of site CGG nuc repeat, worsens each generation (larger), worsening MR
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Turner (45XO)
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Y chromosome problem
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Reid Index
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Measure deepening levels of bronchial wall in chronic bronchitis
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unstable angina or crescendo angina, w/ slowly dev thrombosis (w/ or w/o atherosc)
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Not relieved with nitro
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Kawasaki dz
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Coronary artery vasculitis
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Carcinoid sydrome
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Rising 5-HIAA levels in urine; Tx w/ octreotide, a synthetic somatostatin analog that binds on carcinoid tumor and inhibits synthesis and release of tumor hormones, slowing growth
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Tell Pt reason for visit
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Pt brought by daughter
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Somatostatin
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hypothalamic hormone and a neurotransmitter
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Median nerve innervation
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Thumbnail bed, palmar aspect of forefinger
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Medulary carcinoma of thyroid
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neoplastic C-cell lineage, lg amounts of calcitonin, lead to lower levels of Ca
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Causes of hypercalcemia
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hyper PTH, hyperthyroidism, Addison's, chronic renal failure, massive bone destruction (leukemia, metastatic carcinoma, multiple myeloma)
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Lenticulostriate arteries
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blood supply for internal capsule
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Broca's aphasia
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Right facial hemiparesis can accompany…
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Biliary tract dz, liver dz, bone dz, pregnancy
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Elevated alkaline phaphatase
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Wilson's dz
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Ch 13, inadequate copper excretion by biliary sys, initially liver fatty change and later heptocellular necrosis, inflam, bile duct proliferation; Caudate and putamen affected, extrapyramidal movements; Copper deposits in Descement's membrane in cornea, view with slit lamp
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secondarfy syphilis
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rash on palms and soles
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Neural crest derivatives
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leptomeninges, melanocytes, autonomic ganglia, and connective tissue and bone of brachial arch origin
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Neural crest/Mesoderm
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adrenal medulla/cortex origin
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heparin-induced throm (HIT); bivalirudin (Enoxaparin also CI, b/c it also potentiates ATIII)
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Initial potentiate ATIII, then dev thrombocytopenia; next indicated is ?
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|
|
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filgrastim
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rhGCSF to treat neutropenia 2ndary to CA chemo
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|
|
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Atlteplase
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plasminogen activator used as a thrombolytic agen in acute MI
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|
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lymphatic fluid from thoracic duct
|
High TG, low CH
|
|
|
|
anasarca
|
Systemic generalized edema from decreased oncotic pressure (buy may just lead to pleural effusion)
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|
|
|
Fungal infection can lead to pseudochylous effusion
|
Low TG, high CH
|
|
|
|
Coarctation consequences
|
- Inc renin and angII, retention of water and Na causing high TPR and BP; ; - colaterals take blood to lower body; ; - upper 50% higher pressure; ; - Inc ANP
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|
|
|
Baroreceptors
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Most responsive to carotid sinus, next aortic arch. Symp activity decreases with inc. pressure, para inc.
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|
|
|
pericyte
|
multipotential connective tissue found near or around blood vessels, no microfilaments
|
|
|
|
Dupuytren contracture
|
spindle fibroblasts with contractile properties, microfillaments comparable to Z lines
|
|
|
|
Stones
|
Ca-cntaining are most common; Uric acid stone: gout, leukemia (during chemo w/ cells dying), acidic urine; Choles from gall bladder; Cystine if have cystinuria; Styruvate (Mg-ammonium phos) make staghorn
|
|
|
|
SLE
|
granular complement and IgG at dermal-epiderm junction; ds-DNA, antinuclear ab (ANA)
|
|
|
|
dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
|
fibroblast growing in storiform "pinwheel" pattern--slow growing fibrosarcoma
|
|
|
|
lichen planus
|
sawtooth dermal/epidermal junction
|
|
|
|
Pautier microabcesses
|
mycosis fungoides (a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
|
|
|
|
Horn cysts
|
lamellated collection of keratin that occur in seborrheic keratoses, a type of benign epithelial tumor of skin
|
|
|
|
NB-sensitibe
|
S. epidermidis
|
|
|
|
Bacitratin resistant
|
Dist Strep agalactiae from S. pyogenes (bacitracin sens.)
|
|
|
|
Yersinia pestis
|
Coag positive
|
|
|
|
Optochin and bile resistent/sensitive
|
alpha hemolytic; S. viridins/ S. pneumoniae
|
|
|
|
Lymphokine activated killers
|
NK cells activated by IL-2 (made by T helpers)
|
|
|
|
respiratory diverticulum
|
aka laryngotracheal diverticulum, elarges to form lung buds that divide into two bronchial buds
|
|
|
|
mesothelial cells
|
in pleura of the pleural membrane make serous fluid
|
|
|
|
e.coli, AC activated by ADP Ribosylation of Gs to GTP; heat-labile
|
mech of action of v. cholera most list? What is it?
|
|
|
|
intracellular bugs; also stimulate MO
|
Use cell-mediated response when?
|
|
|
|
INF-gamma from and TNF-beta TH1
|
How to stimulate MO?
|
|
|
|
Wilms tumor, show embryonic glomerular and tubular structures in a spindle cell stroma; may contain SM, fat, cartillage, fibrous tissue, bone
|
Two year old with kidney tumor
|
|
|
|
Oncocytoma
|
eosinophilic cells packed w/ mitochondria
|
|
|
|
angiomyolipoma
|
hamartomatous blood vessels
|
|
|
|
malakoplakia
|
necrotic bacterial forms in MO, can cause mass lesions in kidney w/ being a true tumor
|
|
|
|
medulla oblongata
|
Corticospinal tract crossover
|
|
|
|
Serum associated amyloid
|
acute-phase reactant, made in liver in acute or chronic inflam condition, such as RA.
|
|
|
|
Transthyretin
|
Assoc with amyloid deposits in heart, causes restrictive cardiomegally, arryth, heart failure
|
|
|
|
Spherocytes
|
Ankyrin problem, dysfynctional NA/K ATPase pump, best checked with fragility study
|
|
|
|
Toxic granulation
|
prominent azurophilic granules
|
|
|
|
Neut. Response to bacteria
|
toxic granules and cytoplasmic vaculization (phagolysosome)
|
|
|
|
Kleinfelter
|
Acute estrinism, dec in inhibin causes inc in FSH, causing inc aromatase in Leydig and inc estrogen
|
|
|
|
Inc sodium
|
Pitting edema (often with hyper aldosteronism)
|
|
|
|
Progressive systemic sclerosis
|
ANA positive in 90%
|
|
|
|
Chronic renal failure
|
Peaked T waves
|
|
|
|
Turners
|
Inc in FSH
|
|
