Rice Medical Terminology Chapter 14 The Eye

Front 1

the orbit

Back 1

contains the eyeball. cavity is lined with fatty tissue that cushions the eyeball and has several openings through which blood vessels and nerves pass.

Front 2

the muscles of the eye

Back 2

six short muscles provide support and rotary movement of the eyeball.

Front 3

the eyelids

Back 3

protect the eyeballs from intense light, foreign particles, and impact.

Front 4

the conjunctiva

Back 4

acts as a protective covering for the exposed surface of the eyeball.

Front 5

the lacrimal apparatus

Back 5

produces, stores, and removes tears that cleanse and lubricate the eye.

Front 6

the eyeball

Back 6

the organ of vision

Front 7

sclera

Back 7

the outer layer known as the "white" of the eye consists of the cornea, which bends light rays and helps to focus them on the surface of the retina

Front 8

choroid

Back 8

pigmented vascular membrane that prevents internal reflection of light

Front 9

ciliary body

Back 9

smooth muscle forming a part of the ciliary body that governs the convexity of the lens. the ciliary body secretes nutrient fluids that nourish the cornea, the lens, and surrounding tissues.

Front 10

iris

Back 10

colored membrane attached to the ciliary body. it has a circular opening in its center, the pupil, and two muscles that contract to regulate the amount of light admitted by the pupil.

Front 11

retina

Back 11

innermost layer. contains photoreceptive cells that translate light waves focused on its surface into nerve impulses.

Front 12

the lens

Back 12

sharpens the focus of light on the retina (accommodation)

Front 13

eyelids

Back 13

protect from intense light, foreign particles, and impact. known as superior and inferior palpebrae, those movable "curtains" join to form a canthus or angle at either corner of the eye.

Front 14

palpebral fissure

Back 14

the slit between the eyelids, through which light reaches the inner eye. the outer edges of the eyelids contain eyelashes and sebaceous glands, which secrete an oily substance onto the eyelids

Front 15

nasolacrimal duct

Back 15

the passageway draining lacrimal fluid into the nose. the upper portion of this duct is known as the lacrimal sac.

Front 16

rods and cones

Back 16

the photosensitive cells of the retina

Front 17

macula lutea

Back 17

most of the approximately 6 million cone cells, grouped into a small area.

Front 18

fovea centralis

Back 18

a small depression in the center of the macula lutea, containing only cone cells, which is the central focusing point within the eye.

Front 19

rhodopsin

Back 19

a pigment necessary for night vision.

Front 20

optic disk

Back 20

the point at which nerve fibers converge to form the optic nerve.

Front 21

accommodation

Back 21

the process whereby the eyes make adjustments for seeing objects at various distances

Front 22

amblyopia

Back 22

dullness of vision

Front 23

anisocoria

Back 23

a condition in which the pupils are unequal

Front 24

aphakia

Back 24

a condition in which the crystalline lens is absent

Front 25

astigmatism

Back 25

a defect in the refractive powers of the eye in which a ray of light is not focused on the retina but is spread over an area

Front 26

bifocal

Back 26

pertaining to having two foci, as in bifocal glasses

Front 27

blepharitis

Back 27

inflammation of the edges of the eyelids

Front 28

blepharoptosis

Back 28

a drooping of the upper eyelid(s)

Front 29

cataract

Back 29

an opacity of the crystalline lends or its capsule; most often occurs in adults past middle age.

Front 30

chalazion

Back 30

a small, hard, painless cyst of a meibomian gland (one of the sebaceous gland follicles of the eyelids)

Front 31

choroiditis

Back 31

inflammation of the vascular coat of the eye

Front 32

conjunctivitis

Back 32

inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by allergy, trauma, chemical injury, bacterial, viral, or rickettsial infection. the type called "pinkeye" is infectious and contagious.

Front 33

corneal

Back 33

pertaining to the cornea

Front 34

corneal transplant

Back 34

the surgical process of transferring the cornea from a donor to a patient

Front 35

cryosurgery

Back 35

a type of surgery that uses extreme cold for destruction of tissue or for production of well-demarcated areas of cell injury; may be used in the removal of cataracts and in the repair of retinal detachment.

Front 36

cycloplegia

Back 36

paralysis of the ciliary muscle

Front 37

dacryoma

Back 37

a tumor-like swelling caused by obstruction of the tear duct(s)

Front 38

diplopia

Back 38

double vision

Front 39

electroretinogram

Back 39

a record of the electrical response of the retina to light stimulation

Front 40

emmetropia

Back 40

normal or perfect vision

Front 41

entropion

Back 41

the turning inward of the margin of the lower eyelid

Front 42

enucleation

Back 42

a process of removing an entire part or mass without rupture, as the eyeball from its orbit.

Front 43

estropia

Back 43

a condition in which the eye or eyes turn inward; crossed eyes.

Front 44

exotropia

Back 44

the turning outward of one or both eyes

Front 45

glaucoma

Back 45

a disease characterized by increased intraocular pressure, which results in atrophy of the optic nerve and blindness.

Front 46

gonioscope

Back 46

an instrument used to examine the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye.

Front 47

hemianopia

Back 47

the inability (blindness) to see half the field of vision.

Front 48

hyperopia

Back 48

a defect in vision in which parallel rays come to a focus beyond the retina (farsightedness)

Front 49

intraocular

Back 49

pertaining to within the eye

Front 50

iridectomy

Back 50

surgical excision of a portion of the iris

Front 51

iridocyclitis

Back 51

inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body

Front 52

keratitis

Back 52

inflammation of the cornea

Front 53

keratoconjunctivitis

Back 53

inflammation of the cornea and the conjunctiva

Front 54

keratoplasty

Back 54

surgical repair of the cornea

Front 55

lacrimal

Back 55

pertaining to tears

Front 56

laser

Back 56

an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

Front 57

macular degeneration

Back 57

degeneration of the macular area of the retina, an area important in the visualization of fine details

Front 58

microlens

Back 58

a small, thin corneal contact lens

Front 59

miotic

Back 59

pertaining to an agent that causes the pupil to constrict

Front 60

mydriatic

Back 60

pertaining to an agent that causes the pupil to dilate

Front 61

myopia

Back 61

a defect in vision in which parallel rays come to a focus in front of the retina; nearsightedness

Front 62

nyctalopia

Back 62

a condition in which the individual has difficulty seeing at night; night blindness

Front 63

nystagmus

Back 63

an involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball

Front 64

ocular

Back 64

pertaining to the eye.

Front 65

ophthalmologist

Back 65

one who specializes in the study of the eye

Front 66

ophthalmology

Back 66

the study of the eye

Front 67

ophthalmoscope

Back 67

an instrument used to examine the interior of the eye.

Front 68

optic

Back 68

pertaining to the eye

Front 69

optician

Back 69

one who specializes in the making of optical products and accessories. this person is not a physician.

Front 70

optometrist

Back 70

one who specializes in examining the eyes for refractive errors and providing appropriate corrective lenses. this person is not a physician but is trained and licensed as a Doctor of Optometry (OD)

Front 71

optomyometer

Back 71

an instrument used to measure the strength of the muscles of the eye.

Front 72

orthoptics

Back 72

the study and treatment of defective binocular vision resulting from defects in ocular musculature; also a technique of eye exercises for correcting defective binocular vision

Front 73

phacoemulsification

Back 73

the process of using ultrasound to disintegrate a cataract. a needle is inserted through a small incision and the disintegrated cataract is aspirated.

Front 74

phacolysis

Back 74

surgical destruction and removal of the crystalline lens in the treatment of cataract

Front 75

phacosclerosis

Back 75

a condition of hardening of the crystalline lens

Front 76

photocoagulation

Back 76

the process of altering proteins in tissue by the use of light energy such as the laser beam; used in the treatment of retinal detachment, retinal bleeding, intraocular tumors, and/or macular degeneration (wet)

Front 77

photophobia

Back 77

unusual intolerance of light

Front 78

presbyopia

Back 78

a defect in vision in which parallel rays come to a focus beyond the retina; occurs normally with aging; farsightedness

Front 79

pupillary

Back 79

pertaining to the pupil

Front 80

radial keratotomy

Back 80

a surgical procedure that may be performed to correct nearsightedness (myopia). delicate spoke-like incisions are made in the cornea to flatten it, thereby shortening the eyeball so that light reaches the retina. not all patients have their vision improved, and complications could lead to blindness.

Front 81

retinal

Back 81

pertaining to the retina

Front 82

retinitis

Back 82

inflammation of the retina

Front 83

retinoblastoma

Back 83

a malignant tumor arising from the germ cell of the retina

Front 84

retinopathy

Back 84

any disease of the retina

Front 85

retrolental fibroplasia (RLF)

Back 85

a disease of the retinal vessels present in premature infants; may be caused by excessive use of oxygen in the incubator. retinal detachment and blindness may occur

Front 86

scleritis

Back 86

inflammation of the sclera

Front 87

Snellen chart

Back 87

a chart for testing visual acuity. it is printed with lines of black letters that are graduated in size from smallest on the bottoms to largest on the top

Front 88

strabismus

Back 88

a disorder of the eye in which the optic axes cannot be directed to the same object; also called a squint.

Front 89

sty(e)

Back 89

inflammation of one or more of the sebaceous glands of the eyelid; also called a hordeolum

Front 90

tonography

Back 90

recording of intraocular pressure used in detecting glaucoma

Front 91

tonometer

Back 91

an instrument used to measure intraocular pressure.

Front 92

trichiasis

Back 92

a condition of ingrowing eyelids that rub against the cornea, causing a constant irritation to the eyeball.

Front 93

trifocal

Back 93

pertaining to having three foci

Front 94

uveal

Back 94

pertaining to the second or vascular coat of the eye

Front 95

uveitis

Back 95

inflammation of the uvea

Front 96

xenophthalmia

Back 96

inflamed eye condition caused by foreign material

Front 97

xerophthalmia

Back 97

an eye condition in which there is dryness of the conjunctiva

Front 98

drugs used to treat glaucoma

Back 98

either increase the outflow of aqueous humor, decrease its production, or produce both of these actions.

Front 99

prostaglandin analogues

Back 99

work by increasing the drainage of intraocular fluid, thereby decreasing intraocular pressure

Front 100

adrenergic drugs

Back 100

increase drainage of intraocular fluid

Front 101

alpha antagonist

Back 101

work to both decrease production of fluid and increase drainage

Front 102

beta blockers

Back 102

decrease production of intraocular fluid

Front 103

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Back 103

decrease production of intraocular fluid

Front 104

cholinergic (miotic)

Back 104

increases drainage of intraocular fluid

Front 105

cholinesterase

Back 105

increases drainage of intraocular fluid

Front 106

combination of beta blocker and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Back 106

decreases production of intraocular fluid

Front 107

mydriatics

Back 107

agents that are used to produce dilation of the pupil (mydriasis) may be anticholinergics or sypathomimetics

Front 108

anticholinergics

Back 108

produce dilation of the pupil and interfere with the ability of the eye to focus properly (cycloplegia). they are used primarily as an aid in refraction, during internal examination of the eye, in intraocular surgery, and in the treatment of anterior uveitis and secondary glaucoma

Front 109

sympathomimetics

Back 109

produced mydiasis without cycloplegia. pupil dilation is obtained as the drug causes contraction of the dilator muscle of the iris. they also affect intraocular pressure by decreasing production of aqueous humor while increasing its outflow from the eye.

Front 110

antibiotics

Back 110

used to treat infectious diseases. those that are used for the eye may be in the form of an ointment, cream, or solution.

Front 111

antifungal agent

Back 111

natacyn (natamycin) is used in trating fungal infections of the eye, such as blepharitis, conjunctivitis, and keratitis

Front 112

antiviral agents

Back 112

stoxil, herplex (idoxuridine) are potent antiviral agents used in the treatment of keratitis caused by the herpes simplex virus. vira-a (vidarabine) and viroptic (trifluridine) are also used to treat viral infections of the eye and are effective in the treatment of herpes simplex infections.

Front 113

color vision tests

Back 113

the use of polychromatic plates or an anomaloscope to assess the ability to recognize differences in color

Front 114

exophthamometry

Back 114

measurement of the forward protrusion of the eye via an exophthalmometer; used to evaluate an increase or decrease in exophthalmos.

Front 115

gonioscopy

Back 115

examination of the anterior chamber of the eye via a gonioscope; used for determining ocular motility and rotation.

Front 116

keratometry

Back 116

measurement of the cornea via a keratometer

Front 117

ocular ultrasonography

Back 117

the use of high-frequency sound waves (via a small probe placed on the eye) to measure for intraocular lenses and to detect orbital and periorbital lesions; also used to measure the length of the eye and the curvature of the cornea in preparation for surgery.

Front 118

ophthalmoscopy

Back 118

examination of the interior of the eyes via an ophthalmoscope; used to identify changes in the blood vessels in the eye and to diagnose systemic diseases.

Front 119

tonometry

Back 119

measurement of the intraocular pressure of the eye via a tonometer; used to screen for and detect glaucoma.

Front 120

visual acuity

Back 120

measurement of the acuteness or sharpness of vision. a Snellen eye chart may be used, and the patient reads letters of various sizes from a distance of 20 feet. normal vision is 20/20

Front 121

Acc

Back 121

accommodation

Front 122

ALT

Back 122

argon laser trabeculoplasty

Front 123

D

Back 123

diopter

Front 124

DVA

Back 124

distance visual acuity

Front 125

ECCE

Back 125

extracapsular cataract extraction

Front 126

EM

Back 126

emmetropia

Front 127

EOM

Back 127

extraocular movement; extraocular muscles

Front 128

HT

Back 128

hypermetropia (hyperopia)

Front 129

ICCE

Back 129

intracapsular cataract cryoextraction

Front 130

IOL

Back 130

intraocular lens

Front 131

IOP

Back 131

intraocular pressure

Front 132

L & A

Back 132

light and accommodation

Front 133

LE

Back 133

left eye

Front 134

LPI

Back 134

laser peripheral iridotomy

Front 135

MY

Back 135

myopia

Front 136

NVA

Back 136

near visual acuity

Front 137

OD

Back 137

oculus dexter (right eye)

Front 138

OS

Back 138

oculus sinister (left eye)

Front 139

OU

Back 139

oculus uterque (each eye); oculi unitas (both eyes)

Front 140

PERRLA

Back 140

pupils equal, regular, react to light and accommodation

Front 141

RE

Back 141

right eye

Front 142

REM

Back 142

rapid eye movement

Front 143

RPE

Back 143

retinal pigment epithelium

Front 144

SLT

Back 144

selective laser trabeculoptasty

Front 145

SMD

Back 145

senile macular degeneration

Front 146

ST

Back 146

esotropia

Front 147

VA

Back 147

visual acuity

Front 148

VF

Back 148

visual field

Front 149

XT

Back 149

exotropia

Front 150

+

Back 150

puls or convex

Front 151

-

Back 151

minus or concave