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39 Cards in this Set
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Who is the person who is credited with establishing psychology as a science and what did he do to make this happen? |
Wundt established psychology as a science by creating the first psychology lab. This is important because in order to be a science and apply the scientific method, there needs to be a place to do research. |
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What is the definition of psychology and how is this related to the psychology major curriculum at ECSU? |
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This is related to the psychology major curriculum because we are required to take a large variety of courses about different areas of psychology, and we apply studies in our curriculum by writing a research paper. |
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What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative research? |
Quantitative is the use of data and statistics in research, while qualitative is using words and descriptions in research |
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According to lecture, the four goals of scientific research are to: |
describe, explain, predict and control behavior |
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Scientific explanations are based on empiricism, what does this mean? |
Empiricism is observing through the five senses. Scientific explanations use the senses in order to explain different processes or situations. |
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One way we develop more ____ in our results is through ____ which is through repeating experiments |
confidence; replication |
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We replicate studies using different _____ and different ____ |
samples and methods |
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When the results of an experiment are consistent with a prediction developed from a theory we can conclude that the theory is: a. proven true b. less likely to be true c. supported by the results d. neither supported nor challenged by the results |
c |
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_____ is the process by which other scientists with the expertise judge the scientific merit of another's research and supports the idea of science as ____ |
Peer review; publicly observable |
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You are hired by a local company to do research on improving employee moral. The research you conduct would best be classified as applied research. Why is this so? |
This is because they are focusing on a specific group of people in a situation, and are attempting to apply research to solve this problem. |
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A study on the "effect of situational factors on assessment of blame: a test of attribution theory" is an example of basic research. Why is this so based on what you learned about this design. |
This is basic research because there is no specific group in this situation. Basic research is just curiosity about something without trying to apply it to the real world. |
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What is a research hypothesis and where will you hypothesis appear in your research proposal? |
A research hypothesis predicts the relationship between 2 (or more) variables. It will be at the very end of the introduction in the research proposal |
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Name 2 types of websites that are preferable to .com's to use as references for your paper. |
.gov websites are government websites that may publish research, as well as .orgs |
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An advantage of using past research to generate hypotheses is that: a. new ideas are often generated from old ones b. replication of past research may lend support to the hypothesis c. alternative explanations for results may be found d. all of the above. |
d |
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Why do we prefer the term participant over subject when referring to our research? |
Participants are willing to do the experiment and sign informed consent while subjects are typically forced to do the experiment. Subjects are usually animals, and participants are humans. |
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Major problem with using Internet search engines such as yahoo or google as a method of obtaining research information is? |
Reliability of the source is a problem in obtaining research information. They might have falsified the data and we would not know, or are not from an established institution. |
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Testing common sense ideas: a are of little value because it consists of things we already know b. results in no new knowledge c. should only be done if a theory has been developed d. is valuable because such notions often turn out to be incorrect |
d |
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Name a theory in psychology and discuss how it meets the criteria/definition of a theory in your own words |
Systems theory says that when a system (education, religion, work, family) in a person's life is tweaked, then all other systems will be affected. This is a theory because it is a set of statements that provide a viewpoint for looking at things and is also testable. |
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What is the difference between a meta-analysis and a literature review and why are both good sources for your project |
A meta-analysis is a statistical review of all the research on a certain topic while a literature review is a qualitative analysis of research on a certain topic. They are both good sources because a person can find more articles related to his or her research project within them. |
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What is induction and deduction and how is this related to the structure of your research proposal we discussed in class. |
Induction is when someone starts off with a narrow topic and broadens it while deduction is when someone starts off with a broad topic and reduces it to a narrow one. The research proposal needs to start off broad for the intro, narrow down for the methods and results section, and then broaden out again for discussion and applciations |
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What is generalization? What is the other term we use for this and why is it important for research? |
Generalization is the ability to expand the research to other groups and it is also called external validity. It's important for research because it allows the researcher to make broader conclusions and causal statements. |
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Provide an example of an operational definition for depression using the biopsychosocial model. |
Bio: fatigue Psychological: psychological measurement (depression inventory) social: amount of time spent alone |
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When increases in the values of one variable are associated with increases in the values of a second variable, what type of relationship is present? |
Positive |
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Dr. Kramer found the average number of miles driven decreases as the price of gasoline increases. what relationship is this? |
negative |
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Define a moderator variable and a mediator variable and give an example of each to support your answer |
A moderator variable impacts the effect one variable has on another. An example is that vacation decreases the effects of stress, while being laid off increases the effects of stress. A mediator variable is a psychological process that mediates the effect of one variable on another. Stress may impact health, but the mediating variable is the immune system because it is in between the two variables. Stress directly impacts the immune system, which then impacts overall health |
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What two problems arise when interpreting results obtained using the nonexperimental method? a. second variable problem and third variable problem b. third variable problem and direction of cause and effect c. direction of cause and effect and second variable problem d. none of the above |
b |
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A research observed that people who have a larger number of pets also live in houses with more bathrooms than people with fewer pets. Which of the following conclusions might be correct? a. having a larger number of bathrooms causes people to buy more pets b. having many pets causes people to buy houses with several bathrooms. c. some other variable may cause people to buy larger houses and to have more pets d. all of the above |
d |
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Random selection and random assignment is a critical element of the experimental method why is this so? |
these things are critical to ensure the data is not skewed. Random assignment gives everyone an equal chance to be put in one of the groups (experimental or control) which helps with the validity of the study |
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Why is correlation not causation? |
Correlation is not causation because correlation is just saying two things are related to each other, but causal statements cannot be made. This is because there was no controlling for confounds, which can skew data. There is also now way to tell in which direction something is affected, like a criterion affecting a predictor or vice versa. |
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You take your temperature with a thermometer three times over a 20-minute period and observe the following measurements: 98, 106, 89 degrees. You should conclude the reliability of the thermometer is low because...? |
Reliability refers to the consistency of a measurement. Reliability is low here because there was great variation in the temperatures. If it were something like, 98, 99, and 97 degrees reliability might be higher because there is less variability |
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if a measure is reliable then you should find a A. high positive correlation coefficient b. low positive correlation coefficient c. correlation coefficient of zero d. low amount of true score |
a |
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Correlating the total score of the first twenty questions on a test with the total score of the last twenty questions on a test is an example of what type of reliability? |
this is split-half reliability |
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____ is an indicator of reliability in which the researcher calculates the correlation of each item with every other item. |
Chronbach's alpha |
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Give an example of how you could test the convergent validity for a new test of IQ |
convergent validity would be tested by comparing the IQ test to other IQ tests, since they are similar measures. |
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A measure has criterion-oriented validity to the extent that it: a. enables one to make correct predictions about behavior b. seems to correctly and reliably measure the behavior c. meets the criteria of validity and reliability d. all of the above |
d |
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a measure of mechanical ability would have predictive validity if people scoring high on the measure of mechanical ability also a. score high on measures of verbal ability b. score low on measures of verbal ability c. successfully complete a mechanical training course d. do well on a test of physical strength |
c. |
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a researcher has developed a measure of a person's ability to detect colors. He finds the person is not related to a person's spelling ability. This finding would illustrate what type of validity? |
Discriminative validity because these two things, detecting colors and spelling are unrelated. Discriminative validity ensures that a measure about one thing will not be related to something that is different from that measure. |
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Why do we use measures instead of creating surveys? |
There is no way to test the reliability and validity of a survey, but researchers can with a measure. If someone were to take a survey, there is no way to measure the consistency of it, nor is it a scientific approach like a measure is. |
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You find an article that says the predictive validity of the Whatchamacallit Measure of Stress is .77 and the test-retest reliability of this measure is .80. What can you conclude about your measure? |
This is a relatively okay measure. A predictive validity is not the best since it's saying not all the times does it predict behaviors (1.00 would be all the time). It is generally reliable, which means results are consistent. |
