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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why are surveys considered nonexperimental?
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Because there is no control, and since there's no control you can't infer causation
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Why are surveys used?
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Allow people to tell researchers about themselves Method for studying relationships among variables and ways that attitudes and behaviors change over time Provides useful information for making public policy decisions (who will you vote for?) |
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Some issues with surveys
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Assumes people are willing and able to provide truthful and accurate answers |
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Social desirability
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Says what other people think they want them to say
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When are respondents most likely to lie?
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lack of trust in the researchers by researchers telling participants too much or they just don't care, circle whatever |
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Three types of survey questions
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Attitudes and beliefs--do you think, do you believe... Facts and demographics: age, sex, ethnicity, etc. Behaviors: what you do; on average, how many times do you... |
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Potential problems that stem from difficulty understanding the question (5)
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Jargon Vague or imprecise terms ungrammatical sentence structure phrasing that overloads working memory embedding with question with misleading information |
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Double-barreled questions
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asking 2 questions at once Should senior citizens be given more money for recreation centers AND food assistance program? |
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Loaded questions
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written to lead people to respond in a specific way Do you favor eliminating the WASTEFUL excesses in the public school budget? |
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Negative wording
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questions phrased negatively The city should not approve the proposed women's shelter? |
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Close-ended questions
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Multiple Choice, true/false Easier to code, more structure approach Response alternatives same for everyone |
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Open-ended questions
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respondents are free to answer in any way they like takes longer to code Useful to find out what people are thinking and how people naturally view the world |
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Coding
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Grouping similar words together
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Points to consider when asking close-ended questions
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number of response alternatives rating scales labeling response alternatives |
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Graphic rating scale
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requires a mark along a continuous 100-millimeter line that is anchored with descriptions at the end ruler is used to measure the score on a scale that ranges from 0 to 100 |
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Semantic differential scale
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measures the meaning of concepts Respondents rate any concept on a series of bipolar adjectives using 7-point scales Good - Bad Strong - Weak |
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Nonverbal scale
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For children, those who might not speak a language, or cannot read/speak Point to a face that shows how you feel |
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Labeling Response Alternatives
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Sometimes need to clearly define the meaning of each alternative AKA a Likert scale where each number is Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree, Strongly Disagree, etc |
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Pilot test
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Run a test before administering the survey for real to see how long it will take
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Ways to administer questionnaires
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Interview (most time-consuming/expensive) Mail surveys (lowest response rates, cost b/c of postage) Internet surveys (not everyone has internet) Other technology (computerized experience-sampling) |
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Positive features of questionnaires
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less costly than interview allows respondents to be anonymous Can be administered in groups or to individuals can be administered through mail, internet, with other technologies |
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Negative features of questionnaires
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understanding of questions motivation response rates (mail surveys in particular) people may misrepresent themselves (internet surveys) unanswered questions |
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Three methods of conducting interviews
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Face-to-face telephone focus group interview |
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Positive features of interviews
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response rates higher because there is interaction people answer most, if not all, questions interviewer can clarify questions/ask follow-up questions |
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Negative features of interviews
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Interviewer bias: showing approval or disapproval of certain answers How an interviewer looks (sex, age, ethnicity) can affect responses |
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Two wave panel study
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Do a survey 2 times (pre-test and post-test) |
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Three-wave panel study
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Do a survey 3 times (pre, middle, and post)
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Sampling frame
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a list of the items or people forming a population from which a sample is taken
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Two techniques for sampling
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Probability sampling: each member of the population has a specifiable probability of being chosen (random) Nonprobability sampling: unknown probability of any member being chosen |
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Simple random sampling
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equal probability of being chosen
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Stratified random sampling
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divided into subgroups (strata) and random samples are taken from each strata can separate based on ethnicity, sex, then choose randomly |
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Cluster sampling
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Probability sampling where you identify clusters and sample from the clusters Survey can be sent out to not a whole neighborhood, but a street within that neighborhood |
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Haphazard sampling
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Nonprobability sampling where you use multiple techniques and go to multiple places
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Convenience sampling
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Broadest of all nonprobability sampling asking people who are convenient (just psych majors from experimetrix) |
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Quota sampling
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Sample reflects the numerical composition of various subgroups in the population Use sampling frame and statistics as quotas to meet, make a representative sample that way |
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Why is it a problem if only 20% of people responded to a survey that was sent out to 100 people?
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You don't know how the other 80% could've responded Affects external validity because low response rates make it less generalizable. Having a representative sample sometimes helps |
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Generalizability: its two components
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Composition of a sample How artificial the scenario is |
