Recognition Memory Lecture 6

Front 1

What are the four fundamentals of memory?

Back 1

1. Memory representations are only as good as the input

2. Memory is reconstructive

3. Expectations can be manipulated

4. Memory is context-dependent

Front 2

Surprenant & Neath (2009; Principles of Memory)

Back 2

"Memory, like all other cognitive processes, is inherently constructive. Information from encoding and cues from retrieval…are all exploited to construct a response to a cue.”

Front 3

What is the Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) Model of Memory?

Back 3

Front 4

What is Attentional Bottleneck?

Back 4

Memory is only as good as the details which are encoded

Limitations of perception (eg. really far away)

Distraction impairs encoding (eg. unless you rehearse someone's name, you will forget it because you are too focused on having a conversatio, Daniels (1895))

Salience is easier to encode, eg. attractive/unattractive faces easier to remember than neutral (Fleischman et al. (1976)

Front 5

What is the Weapon Focus?

Back 5

Loftus et al., 1987

The weapon impair encoding of the face

Front 6

What is the Retrieval Bottleneck?

Back 6

What we retrieve from memory depends on the details which cue that memory

Memory is constructive

Whenever we try an retrieve memories, we often fill in the details of what we think should be there

Front 7

What is a Schema?

Back 7

A schema is a concept or set of ideas or a framework for representing some aspect of the world. Also called frames, mental sets or scripts but can be generally thought of as a concept.

Front 8

Why is Schemata often beneficial?

Back 8

Providing a schema improves comprehension and recall for passages, provided these are consistent with the schema.

Front 9

What a the two costs of Schemata?

Back 9

1. Information which is inconsistent with the schema is often reinterpreted or distorted to fit the schema

2. Schema are very hard to change; even in the face of contradictory information

Front 10

What did Carmichael, Hogan & Walter (1932) study in regards to constructive memory?
Hour glass/table

Back 10

Recollections were altered in the direction of the label
Knowledge of the item superseded the actual details of the studied item

Front 11

Who presented British participants with a Native American folk tale called The War of the Ghosts?

Back 11

Sir Frederick Bartlett (1932)

Front 12

What are the conclusions from Barlett?

Back 12

1. Memory is comprised of specific details & a theory or expectation of how those details fit together

2. If not recalled, the details gradually are forgotten until only the gist of what occurred remains

Front 13

What is an example of Expectations can be manipulated

Back 13

Loftus & Palmer (1974)

Slides of a traffic accident: Depending on the increased severity the descriptor, this influences perception of how fast the car was travelling, eg. contacted, hit, bumped, collided, smashed

Participants were more likely to report seeeing something that wasn't actually there when you set up the expectation that they will see it, eg. broken glass? Yes [smashed, false alarm]

Front 14

What happens when a police officer gives instructions: Warning that appearance may have changed, before a lineup?

Back 14

Higher propensity to make an identification even in target absent lines (which means more false alarms)

Shift in criterion: if you know the perpetrator doesn't have to match your memory exactly, then you can rely on a much weaker signal

Front 15

Who did the famous fake memory study?

Back 15

Wade, Garry, Read & Lindsay (2002)

Front 16

What was the conclusion of this study?

Back 16

Providing a misleading cue affects how the schema is retrieved and altered to explain that detail

Front 17

What is the Continued influence effect?

Back 17

It is very difficulty to remove the influence of misinformation

Front 18

What is an example of this?

Back 18

Johnson & Seifert (1994) – Warehouse fire

Front 19

What were the conditions in the experiment?

Back 19

Control

Immediate Retraction

Delayed Retraction

Front 20

What were the results ?

Back 20

Even when you KNOW something has been retracted, it still influences your memory, only if there is a causal role for the misinformation

Front 21

What technique can counteract misinformation?

Back 21

Corrections are more effective when they contain an alternative causal story

eg. Alternative theory group: No volatile materials were found but suspicious petrol soaked rags were found near the closet(not negligence but arson)- In this case, the number of negligence inferences drops back to control level, causes for arsenal went up

Front 22

What is the practical importance for misinformation with juries?

Back 22

Mock jurors continue to rely on inadmissible evidence even when they claim to have obeyed instructions to ignore it (Fein, McCloskey, & Tomlinson, 1997; Kassin & Sukel, 1997)

Front 23

What are two examples of misinformation and propaganda?

Back 23

1. MMR vaccines cause autism

2. Iraq had WMD’s, that is why the USA invaded

Front 24

In the Lewandowsky, Stritzke, Oberauer & Morales (2005) study, we people accurate at identifying retracted information?

Back 24

yes

Front 25

Which sample was influenced still by the misinformation?

Back 25

The Americans

They still had the beliefs that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction

Front 26

What were the alternative causal explanations for the Australians and Germans?

Back 26

1. AUS: the Iraqi Dictatorship

2. Ger: securing oil reserves for the West

Front 27

Who studied whether learning words under water will be recalled easier underwater?

Back 27

Godden & Baddeley (1975

Front 28

Who studied the Test Effect?

Back 28

Roediger & Karpicke (2006)

Context helps later retrieval

Because the final test will be a recall test, practicing that recall by testing yourself under similar conditions means that there will be a context match between study and the final test

Front 29

What is Zipf’s Law to assess reliability?

Back 29