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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the psychological function of spacial attention? |
1. To assign limited-capacity processing resources to relevant stimuli in environment
2. Must locate stimuli among distractors and process (identify) them |
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When will stimuli "pop out", requiring little attention? |
If target is defined by unique single feature, it will "pop out"
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For a search for a single feature target (simple), does response time increase as display increases? |
No. This is referred to as parallel search ( where you compare all items of the display at once with your mental representation of the target) |
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For a search for a compound feature target (complex), response time increase as display increases? |
Yes. This is referred to as serial search (you have to do it on an item by item basis. E.g. ‘are you a target? Yes, no,…move on..) |
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Why are the slopes for conjunction-target present trials vs. target absent trials? |
Self-Terminating Serial Search 1. Stop when target is found 2. On average, search half the display on target-present trials, all of the display on target-absent trials 3. Constant scanning rate predicts 2:1 slope ratio |
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Which of these "pop out"? |
First box, target pops out.
Second box, target does NOT pop out Third box, target pops out Fourth box, target does NOT pop out *Pop out when targets can be identified by a single features (straight lines among curves or vice versa) |
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What is Feature Integration Theory (Treisman & Gelade, 1980)? |
we experience our visual world not as being made up of fragmented and free floating features, but as perceptual objects which are defined by combinations of features.
So the goal of the attentional spotlight is to co-locate or to co-register those features. |
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How does Feature Integration Theory support parallel and serial searches? |
1. Conjunction targets require feature binding, so need focused attention – leads to serial search
2. Feature targets don’t require feature binding, don’t need focused attention – leads to parallel search |
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How did (Enns & Rensink, 1990) challenge Feature Integration Theory? |
1. Pop out sometimes depends on complex object properties, not just simple features (Enns & Rensink, 1990)
2. High-level, not low-level properties predict pop out. 3. Inconsistent with idea that pop out only occurs at level of simple features |
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What did Jeremy Woolf argue about Efficient search and Inefficient search? |
Because parallel and serial searches more often provide curved not linear graphs, then, rather than thinking of search as dichotomously (either serial or parallel) it’s better to think about a continuum of search efficiency from efficient search at one end to inefficient search at the other. |
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What is Guided Search Theory? (Wolfe, 1989) |
1. initial parallel search of the display which is designed not to identify targets but to locate likely targets.
2. Likely targets correlated into a candidate list, so these candidates then undergo a serial search |
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What is an example of Guided Search Theory? |
Suppose the target is ‘F’. Some stimuli in Display share properties with the target (more than others) such as straight line vertical features.
The initial parallel stage (like Cherry's pre-attentive processing) does a quick search based on pop out properties of target like properties, and will say ‘they’re stimuli with some target like properties at this location, this location and this location’ (i.e. the F, T and L). Then they get extracted to form the candidate list, then that candidate list is serially searched. |
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What is the Stroop Effect? |
name the colour of the ink but to ignore the word/characters. |
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What does Phillip mention about Automaticity? |
What makes a process automatic? Learned Stimulus-Response associations
Criteria for automaticity: Fast, parallel, effortless, doesn't require capacity Automaticity basis for skill acquisition (reading, driving, playing a musical instrument, etc.) |
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What did Shiffrin & Schneider (1977) find with Controlled and Automatic Processing? |
1. Consistent mapping (CM): target and distractor sets were distinct = became Automatic 2. Varied mapping (VM): targets on some trials were distractors on others = Never became Automatic |
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What is the Eriksen Flanker Task? (Is the central letter an E or F?) |
This seems to imply there is involuntary processing of the distractor information even when you’re attempting to ignore them.
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Does the Erikson Flank Task provide estimate of size of focus of attention (“spotlight”)? |
Yes. Effect decreases with spatial separation, disappears at 1-1.5 degrees Stimuli falling within spotlight processed automatically |
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What is the Attentional Blink? |
This U – shaped dip
*Only find it if T1 is processed; if T1 ignored no Attentional Blink |
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The END |
YAY |
