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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Environmental Monitoring |
Used to estimate human population doses, determine the impact a facility has on the environment, monitor for unplanned releases as well as quantifying planned releases and give us data useful in determining pathway data |
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Goals of an environment monitoring program |
1. Estimate human population doses 2. Determine site impact 3. Detect and quantify and unplanned release 4. Meet legal or regulatory requirements 5. Create and maintain a good public image 6. Obtaining pathway data 7. Test adequacy of radiological control measures 8. Study of air and water mixing patterns 9. "Non-industry" applications |
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Critical nuclide |
One of a group of includes which cause the largest dose contribution to the actual population at risk near the facility |
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Critical pathway |
The route taken, from the point of release to body entry, of a critical radionuclide, which causes human exposure |
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Locations frequently survey for radiological contamination |
Boundary survey Top layer survey Well Monitoring Air monitoring |
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Boundary survey |
Survey the boundaries to ensure the contamination isn't spreading to the soil and to the water table or the waterways |
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Top layer survey |
Survey the top layer to ensure the contamination isn't spreading to the soil and to the water table or waterways |
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Well monitoring |
Sample the wells in the area to ensure the contamination isn't spreading to the water table |
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Air monitoring |
Air monitoring to ensure the contamination isn't spreading into the air downwind |
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Suspect waste site |
Any site that is thought, for any reason, to contain dangerous waste, hazardous waste and/or radioactive waste |
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How to identify a suspect waste site |
Soil discoloration is present An unusual soil depression or disturbance exists Pipes emerging from the ground Plant stress The unusual absence of plant life Vaults, chambers, concrete, or steel structures, drums, pipes, or munitions protruding from the surface of a disturbed area Holes, sinkholes, or collapsed structures The presence of hazardous and/or radioactive material in soil samples Documentation or personnel interviews which indicate the past existence of a waste disposal site |
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Methods used for environmental monitoring |
Air samples Soil samples Vegetation samples Animal samples Surface water samples Groundwater samples Background radiation Radiation Surveys |
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Radiological Work Permit |
An administrative mechanism used to establish radiological controls for intended work activities |
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Conditions under a post-job ALARA review is required |
For any job that exceeds the ALARA committee trigger level and is conducted in accordance with industry procedures |
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When job exceeds the ALARA committee trigger levels |
A feedback meeting should be done by the job planner, controller, and supervisor |
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Purpose of all radiological signs, postings, labels, and barricades |
To identify items or areas that have the potential for, or actually contain, radiological hazards; identify the radiological hazards present in an area and to prevent workers form inadvertently entering radiological areas and/or mishandling radioactive materials |
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RCT's responsibilities for sign, posting, labels, and barricades |
For reading and complying with all information |
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Very high radiation area |
Any area, accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels could result in an individual receiving an absorbed dose in excess of 500 rads in one hour at 1m from the source or from any surface that the radiation penetrates |
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Airborne Radioactivity area |
Any area, accessible to individuals, where the concentration of airborne radioactivity, above natural background, exceeds or is likely to exceed the derived air concentration values or where an individual without respiratory protection could receive an intake exceeding 12 DAC hrs in a week |
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Contamination area |
Any area where removable Contamination levels exceed or are likely to exceed the values specified in the RCM, but don't exceed 100 times those values |
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Controlled area |
Any area where access is managed in order to protect individuals from exposure to radiation and/or radioactive materials |
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Entrance or access point |
And location through which an individual could gain access to areas controlled for the purposes of radiation protection |
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Fixed contamination |
An area where removable Contamination levels are less than RCM removable values and total Contamination levels are greater than total values |
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Purpose of an RWP |
To establish radiological controls for the intended work activities, to inform workers of area radiological conditions and entry requirements and to relate worker exposure to these work activities. |
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High contamination areas |
Any area where contamination levels are greater than 100 times the values specified in the RCM |
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High radiation area |
Any area, accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels could result in an individual receiving a deep dose equivalent in excess of 0.1 rem in 1 hour at 30 centimeters from the radiation source or from any surface that the radiation penetrates |
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Hot particle |
Fuel, activated corrosion product, or other particles of small air that have a high specific activity as a result of nuclear fission or neutron activation |
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Hot spot |
Localized source of radiation or radioactive material normally within facility piping or equipment |
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Locked high radiation area |
Any area, accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels could result in an individual receiving a deep dose equivalent in excess of 0.1 rem in1 hour at 30 cm from the source or from any surface that the radiation penetrates |
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Radiation area |
Any area, accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels could result in an individual receiving a deep dose equivalent in excess of 0.005 rem in 1 hour at 30 centimeters for the radiation source or from any surface that the radiation penetrates |
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Radioactive material area |
Any area within a controlled area, accessible to individuals, in which items or containers or radioactive material exist and the total exceeds the applicable values |
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Radiological area |
Any area within a controlled area defined as a radiation area, high radiation area, contamination area, high contamination area, or airborne radioactivity area |
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Radiological buffer area |
An intermediate area established to prevent the spread of radioactive contamination and to prevent personnel from radiation exposure |
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Radiological labels |
The label on an item that indicates the presence of radiation or radioactive materials |
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Thing RWP should contain |
RWP number and RWP title RWP type Area Approved dose estimate ALARA pre-job briefing requirements Work begins and end dates ALARA task number and ALARA description Radiological conditions Radiological hazards Radiation protection requirements Special instructions Hold points Limiting conditions |
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Radiological postings |
A sign, marking, or label that indicates the presence or potential presence of radiation or radioactive material |
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Soil contamination |
Contaminated soil that isn't releasable |
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Underground radioactive material area |
Areas established to indicate the presence of underground items that contain radioactive materials such as pipelines, radioactive cribs, covered ponds, covered ditches, catch tanks, inactive burial grounds and sites of known, covered, unplanned releases |
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Good practices in setting up radiological areas |
Establish walkways in low dose areas Don't store radioactive materials near walkways or where personnel frequently work Place rope boundaries as close to the source of Contamination as possible to minimize the size of the contaminated area |
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Common discrepancies in setting up radiological areas |
Posting information not updated, or information otherwise incorrect Boundaries not verified for Contamination, radiation, and airborne radioactivity hazards Survey instruments that are defective or out of calibration Step off pads not set up for efficient removal of protective clothing and not near survey instrumentation Laundry and waste receptacles not placed for efficient use or not placed at all Boundaries of areas are set up too far from the hazards, interfering with access to areas otherwise unaffected Count rate meters are not located close to the step off pads Status boards or survey maps don't reflect where SOP's and boundaries lie Status board aren't kept up to date Tripping hazards exist from wires, hoses, or cables Background radiation in monitoring area is too high for efficient detection of low level contamination Portable contamination survey instrumentation not set up for proper operation Protective clothing not readily available in a personnel contamination event Phone or other communication devices not available near the SOP or portable contamination survey instrumentation Not posting all accesses points into area Failure to post dress and undress procedures |
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Support equipment in setting up radiological areas |
Step off pads Portable contamination survey instrumentation/ personnel contamination Monitors to establish at exits to contamination areas, airborne radioactivity areas and RBA's Yellow and magenta rope, ribbon, or tape Laundry receptacles Waste receptacles Receptacles for defective protective clothing Receptacles for non compactable waste Electrical power supply and extension cords Postings, signs, labels, and posting inserts Communication equipment readily available Additional protective clothing Dose rate meters and smears Survey maps |
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Discrepancies frequently observed with containment devices |
1. Holes/ leaks in the containments, or the containment is maintained at a positive pressure, facilitating the spread of contamination 2. Liquids accumulating in hoses or main portions of the containment 3. Air locks too small to remove protective clothing without spreading contamination 4. Ventilation exhaust not directed to the plant ventilation system 5. Material allowed to accumulate inside containment, limiting safe and/or efficient use 6. Sharp objects used inside containment 7. Devices not tethered to prevent introduction into systems 8. Transfer sleeves/ ports aren't used or are unavailable 9. Containment not provided with a HEPA filter or ventilation exhaust 10. Containments not periodically surveyed inside and out 11. No means of quickly verifying loss of ventilation 12. Containment not decontaminated prior to dismantling 13. Adequate access not provided for lines or hoses 14. Containment not maintained at a negative pressure 15. Containment not supported properly to minimize stress from minor ventilation changes or its structurally supported to maintain its configuration during use 16. Containments not inspected prior to use and periodically during use 17. Not using appropriate containment devices for leaks 18. Not using a funnel to collect leakage 19. Plastic components showing fatigue or wear 20. Funnel not positioned to collect all leaking fluid 21. Drain lines kinked, allowing the buildup of liquids 22. Drain lines not secured properly to the collection device 23. Containment device not labeled to indicate hazards that are present |
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Good practices in setting up portable ventilation systems and count rate meters |
1. Use only HEPA filters with pre-filters 2. Perform radiation survey on filters periodically while they are in use 3. Have radiological limits established for filter replacements 4. Exhaust filter discharge to the plant ventilation system whenever possible 5. Ensure that there are no openings in the trunk or between the blower and the filter 6. Monitor the filter differential pressure periodically 7. Establish filter d/p at which the filter must be replaced 8. Remove filters into plastic bags to prevent the release of activity 9. Position streamers to signify the flow of ventilation through doorways or through containment devices |
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Requirements for working in an RBA |
1. Avoid contact with potentially contaminated surfaces 2. Any management/supervision or facility radiological control personnel should give stop work or evacuation order if unanticipated radiation or contamination is encountered 3. Maintain exposure ALARA 4. Report all injuries 5. Monitor clothing and exposed skin as required and report the presence of radioactive contamination |
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Considerations for releasing an item |
Where was the item located What is the history of the item Has the item been exposed to radioactive liquids Are the accessible surfaces porous or irregular Does the surface have dirt, oil, rust, corrosion, or grease present How does the item work Where are areas of potential contamination and can the locations be surveyed Are there inaccessible surfaces present |
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Classifications of RWP's |
Job Specific General |
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4 purposes of job coverage |
1. To ensure that the workers' radiation exposures are maintained ALARA and within limits/ guidelines 2. To minimize the creation and spread of surface contamination 3. To minimize the creation and spread of airborne radioactive material 4. To minimize the creation of radioactive waste
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Continuous job coverage |
The technician covers only one job and remains at the job site while work is being performed |
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Intermittent or periodic job coverage |
The technician may cover more than one job, performing periodic checks at various work locations |
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Conditions requiring job coverage |
1. Radiation dose rates in the job area are high enough to potentially cause workers' doses to exceed administrative control levels in a short time 2. Radiation levels are expected to increase significantly during the job 3. Entry into high radiation area 4. The potential for spreading high levels of contamination or causing airborne radioactivity 5. The potential for significant increase in contamination or airborne radioactivity levels during the job 6. Jobs performed by inexperienced workers |
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Items included in planning work coverage |
Determine exactly what workers will be doing Review old surveys and talk with technicians who have previously covered the same or similar jobs, to anticipate any problem areas Review the area and system on which the work will be performed, talk with the worker to determine the potential radiological consequences of the tasks associated with the job Ensure that an adequate survey of the job area has been made Review applicable post-job ALARA reviews from previous jobs |
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Information to be discussed in pre-job briefing |
Dose rates Contamination levels Concentration of airborne radioactivity in the work area |
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Exposure control techniques to minimize exposure |
1. Wait in low dose rate areas while not actually performing the job 2. Periodically read or have workers read their dosimeters 3. Use workers' allowable dose and the dose rate in an area, to determine the length of time a worker can spend in that area 4. When using time to control a workers' dose, an accurate record of the workers' location with respect to the dose rate must be maintained 5. Observe the location of a worker's dosimetry with respect to the location of the radiation source 6. Workers must leave temporary shielding in place unless they have been authorized to remove the shielding by radiological control 7. Perform your survey as objects are being removed from their shipping containers or cask, don't wait until the radioactive objects are withdrawn to make the survey 8. Keep workers from leaning across or over high sources of radiation 9. Prevent workers from picking up sources of radiation with their hands 10. Any time casks, containers, or equipment are being opened recheck radiation levels, including beta radiation levels
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In-progress radiological surveys |
As specified by the technical work document for the job As described in the pre-job As specified by the hold points for the job As required by the special instructions section of the radiological work permit As required by " radiological work permits procedure" As specified by procedure " routine and job specific air monitoring program" |
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In-progress radiological survey documentation |
As soon as possible, without interrupting the job |
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Actions taken with unexpected radiological conditions |
Stop the job Stage workers in a low background location Check electronic dosimeters Investigate source or radiological hazard Notify supervision Develop recovery plan |
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Job specific RWP's |
Used to control non routine operations or work in areas with higher level or changing radiological conditions |
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Contamination control techniques |
Watch the workers System components that are being repaired should be wiped down and drained before the system is opened Ensure that workers follow procedures for removing material form a radiological area Ensure that worker follow proper procedures to minimize contaminating tools and equipment Watch for the movement of crane rigging, air or water hoses, electric leads and extension cords into and out of contaminated areas Electrical lines and hoses going into contamination areas should be secured to eliminate the possibility of movement in or out Have workers remove their outer layer if protective clothing a few feet prior to the step off pad Reduce the creation of radioactive waste |
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Job coverage techniques for airborne radioactivity control |
Look for any actions that could create airborne radioactivity Take air samples during jobs in highly contaminated areas, or at steps that could create airborne radioactive material Use a continuous air monitor during performance of a job that is likely to create airborne radioactivity Ventilate enclosed areas |
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Overall job coverage techniques |
Establish worker trust and confidence During job coverage, the technician should keep workers within their line or sight Keep in contact with the workers Remind workers that casks, containers, or systems aren't to be opened or work techniques changes without notifying radiological control When an individual's work habits must be corrected, offer the correct methods as advice or help Show a positive, helpful attitude toward co-workers Don't overreact to situations when there is time for levelheaded solutions |
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When to initiate stop work authority |
Inadequate radiological controls Radiological controls not being implemented Radiological hold points not being satisfied Alarming dosimetry or unexpected dosimetry readings |
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Agencies that govern transport of radioactive material |
US department of energy US nuclear regulatory commission US department of transportation US coast guard International civil aviation organization or International air transport association State transportation departments or radiation health bureaus US postal service |
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Terms in DOT regulations |
Closed transport vehicle Exclusive use Limited quantity LSA ( low specific activity) Radioactivity material Transport index |
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Radionuclide contents of a package |
Accountability Classification by source Gross radioactivity Direct measurement |
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Package radiation Surveys and limits |
A package which exceeds 2mSv/hr or a transport index of 10 must be transported by exclusive use shipment |
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Placement of placards on transportation vehicle |
On all 4 sides |
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Procedures for receipt and shipment of radioactive material shipments |
No later than 8 hours after the beginning of the working day following receipt of package |
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General RWP's |
Govern routine or repetitive work where radiological conditions are stable, such as general inspections, surveillance, surveys and tours |
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Shipment exceeding limits |
RCT should notify RadCon supervision and the facility shipping coordinator |
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Responsibilities in using or initiating an RWP |
Workers accessing and area permitted by an RWP are required to sign the RWP or log prior to initial entry and after any revisions to the RWP |
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Document that governs the ALARA program |
ALARA program and implementation procedures |
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Exposure/ performance goals |
The Radiological Control Director establishes an annual occupational radiation exposure ALARA goal (for collective dose) The individual ALARA goals are established by the individual's job supervisor with the assistance of the facility ALARA coordinator Established goals are based on projected work scopes, using past histories and new planned work evaluations as tools |
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Conditions under a pre-job ALARA review is required |
To be held prior to the conduct of work that is anticipated to exceed trigger limit Are held with employees who will be involved in work activities concerning unusual radiological conditions |
