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30 Cards in this Set
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Where was the center of the slave trade in the new world? Why? Explain the slave trade triangle. |
Slave Trade Triangle: Slaves captured or boughten in Africa Shipped to Caribbean to work on Sugar plantations Slaves traded for sugar Sugar traded in Europe for manufactured goods European manufactured goods traded in Africa for slaves
Center: Center of the slave trade in the new world was in the Caribbean to work on Sugar plantations. Triangle: Slaves were captured or brought in Africa, shipped to caribbean to work on sugar plantations, traded for sugar, sugar was then traded in Europe for Manufactured goods, European manufactured goods traded in Africa for slaves. |
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Describe and compare the power structures of colonial and slavery economies. |
The Agricultural Slave Economy: Government legalized slavery, because the economy depends on slavery. Slaves provided free or reduced labor cost for the plantation owners. Religion justified the ownership of slaves. Christianity, Noah cursed Ham’s son whose descendants are thought to be from Africa. |
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What were the effects of the protestant reformation and the counter reformation on the rise of northern Europe and the decline of southern Europe? |
Effects of Counter Reformation: Spain, Portugal, Italy Repression of new ideas Ban on foreign books education suffered Heresies punished to preserve Church Inquisition: Protestants, Jews, Muslims Fell behind in technology
Protestant Reformation: Germany Netherlands and England became free of the authority f church, the bible was translated into the common language for all, new thought science prospered, industrial revolution. Counter Reformation: Spain, Portugal, Italy had a repression of new ideas they didn’t allow foreign books because of a ban on them this resulted in education and literacy rates suffering. In order to protect the church, heresies (unorthodox views) were punished. Protestants, Jews and Moslems were often inquisition (questioned). As a result these countries fell behind in technology.
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Summarize the policies of the U.S. toward Native Americans. Is this morally acceptable? Use ethical theories and principles to defend your argument. |
Summarize: The policies of the US toward Native Americans was that the Natives were Savages and not civilized therefore not deserving of the land that they were currently on. Morally: No |
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Summarize the viewpoint of the British toward the natural resources in Virginia as depicted in the video. Is this morally acceptable? Use ethical theories and principles to defend your argument. |
The British captain proclaiming the land is his even though people live there. Ethical: |
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What factors helped the British become leaders of the industrial revolution? Explain. |
Factors that helped the British become leaders of the industrial revolution was an open society which provide individual initiative and social mobility. Political liberty which provided open debate and property rights. England was also the center of scientific revolution which included Isaac Newton. Geographical advantages that Britain had: they are an island nation, extensive sea trade with less risk of invasion, navigable rivers provided internal trade. Climate allowed Ag to prosper. Relatively close to N. America for raw materials such as coal to fuel industrial revolution. |
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How did imperialism in the 1800s help to fuel WWI, then WWII, and also the cold war? |
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From the video, summarize Mao’s Great Leap Forward in China. Was it morally acceptable? Use ethical theories and principles to defend your argument. |
Mao convinced the people of China that he could make China one of the top industrial countries within 15 years. People believed him and were working all night and all day. “Family time” pretty much became non-existent. They would have different communities compete against each other to see who could produce the most grain. Mao’s goals were never met and it only made things worse. Millions of peasants began to starve. Everyone was suffering and peasants weren't allowed to leave their areas. Mao’s Great Leap Forward created the largest famine in history! |
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From the BBC profile, summarize the recent history of DR Congo/Zaire. What do you think has been the effect of the political turmoil on the nutritional status and poverty levels there? |
2003:Peace deal and traditional government is formed. 2008: Fighting in eastern portion of the country 2009:Troops invaded from Rwanda against Rwandan rebels Hutu 2013: UN agreement to end fighting Currently people still live in fear of rape and invasion. The effect of the political turmoil on the nutritional status and poverty levels in DR Congo/Zaire is an awful one. Nutritional and poverty status decreases as war and fighting continues because of the constant plunder and destruction of property that happens. Fields are destroyed preventing the production of food. |
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Compare and contrast patrilocality and matrilocality. What are the differences in the economic, military, and social forces that promote each system? What are the implications for the empowerment of women? |
Patrilocality: Women leave their family and village and move in with the man’s family. This allows male raiding parties to be made up of blood relatives; trust in combat teams. Women look after the land when the men are away; especially sister: loyal. Matrilocality: Men leave their family and village and move in with the woman’s family. Occurs in some chiefdoms where men gone on long raiding parties; up to a year, (Example: Iroquois). Women were in charge of home and fields; harvesting and storing crops. Women in longhouse could withhold food for men’s raids; if didn’t approve.
---Women’s power not the opposite of mens: not equally cruel or humiliating. Women cannot boss and degrade men; when men have the weapons of war and warrior training. |
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Compare and contrast the effect of the agricultural systems of West Africa, North India, Southern India, and the USA on the status of women. |
W. Africa: Women empowered! Women’s status is strong control markets not dependent on men for farming, rather a short handled hoe. Men must pay to get the bride can’t have more than one wife unless first wife says yes. Women participate in council. Women band together if there is mistreatment in the group by men. N. India: Men have power. Oxen are used in farming because of their body strength they are more efficient than women (15-20%), this may mean the difference between surviving and starvation, young men are not strong enough because of short weather window available for planting. Female infanticide is common. Dowries for marriage are required. Women are powerless and often will die with their husbands. Increasing acid spraying. S. India: Women empowered! Rice patties don’t need man’s strength, therefore women are in charge of much of the agriculture, having more freedom both in status and in power. THis also correlates in other rice producing communities: SE Asia, Indonesia. USA: |
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. From the video, summarize the issues women face in Afghanistan. Is the treatment of women face there morally acceptable? Use ethical theories and principles to defend your argument. |
In Afghanistan women are beaten and burned when the men get mad. The are abused very badly, and some women will try to kill themselves to get out of the situation. They are also forced to marry, sometimes by their brothers. --Women there are not seen as “human”, they are seen as “second to human”. They are more of a possession for men.
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. From the video, summarize the issues faced by child prostitutes in India. Is the treatment of these girls morally acceptable? Use ethical theories and principles to defend your argument. |
Girls are taken away (either kidnapped or tricked), and are being made into prostitutes for money. They don’t get any of the money they make, they will only get some of their tips. The girls can’t go back home because their families won’t take them back since they have been prostitutes and because most if not all of them have HIV now. -----No this is not morally acceptable because it is illegal to prostitute and is especially bad to force young girls into doing it. This goes along with the ethical theory of AUTONOMY because all people should be able to choose what they want to do in their lives. Women/girls should not be forced into marriage, sex, prostituting, or anything they don’t want to do or that is harmful for them. |
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From the news article, explain the link between domestic violence and chronic malnutrition in India. |
Mothers and children experiencing domestic violence are more likely to be underweight and anemic. Withholding food in preparation for physical violence the abuse is both physical and mental. Psychological stress leads to underweight. |
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How did religion, government, and large scale agriculture (economy) interact with each other in ancient state societies with a redistributive economy? |
Religion: Humans wish for goods and services from the gods. It was the job of the ecclesiastical specialists (priests) to obtain these. To obtain these, they would either so an aggressive approach, which was to threaten to harm the gods who do not cooperate; does not work with supreme beings….or they would do an exchange of good and services with the gods; offerings. Obtaining favor from the gods: Appeal to the gods’ mercy and generosity; promising love and devotion in return. Sacrifice as an expression of devotion; destruction of one’s property, self mutilation, or slaying a loved one. Offering food to the gods. The gods want what people value most-- food, and drink. Without the gods help, humans cannot feed themselves. Must feed the gods to get that help. Meat is the central focus of food sacrifices to the gods. Meat is the most prestigious and desired food among humans and therefore also gods.Thus animal slaughter and religious ritual closely intertwined. Redistribution: But gods only require spiritual essence; of food set out for them. The material food itself can be redistributed to the people. Gifts of food and donations to the gods became taxes for the church in larger state societies.
Government Large State Societies: It was more cost effective to turn prisoners of war into slaves. Each farmer and worker in a state society can produce a surplus of goods and services. The larger the population, the more surplus and the more powerful the governing class becomes. Band and Village Societies: Cannot produce large surpluses. Have no large central government to unite defeated enemies. Have no governing class to benefit from taxation. Bringing a captive home to be a slave is just one more mouth to feed. Therefore, more benefit derived from eating a captive. Aztecs: Aztecs had a large state society. Their gods craved human flesh, especially human hearts. The priests’ job was to satisfy the gods’ cravings for human flesh. If the craving was not satisfied, gods would destroy the world. Prisoners held down on top of pyramid temples; heart cut out still beating and offered to the gods. Redistribution: Body of prisoner rolled down pyramid. Head cut off and displayed. Flesh redistributed for meat. Cortez found 136,000 heads of sacrificial victims.
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What is Marvin Harris’ argument for why the Aztecs ate human flesh? |
Aztecs ate human flesh because domesticated animals were limited. To obtain the protein and vitamins and minerals from meats. Their gods craved human hearts, only way to obtain the redistributive powerful ranking observed elsewhere. |
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What is Marvin Harris’ economic argument for why non-killing religions arose in state societies with redistributive meat-eating religions? |
Background -- New charismatic leaders arose in the Mediterranean, Middle East, Persia, India. The new leaders denounced ritual killing of people or animals as way to win favors from gods. -- Zoroastrianism is about humans being able to choose one side or another (dualism). If they choose Ahura Mazda side, they must give up intoxicants such as : ritual slaughter of animals and shedding of blood. If they choose the Ahariman side, they will go to hell.
Answer States were being ravaged by brutal and costly wars. Environmental depletions, population growth, and the rise of cities created food shortages; Thus difficult to maintain a steady supply of meat for redistributive feasting. The class system produced widespread poverty among the common people.
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What is Marvin Harris’ argument for why non-killing religions spread by warfare and conquest? |
None of the non-killing religions has reduced the incidence or ferocity of war |
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Why is there a lasting economic difference in the Western Hemisphere between the countries conquered by Protestant versus Roman Catholic countries? |
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What are the 5 important Middle Ages technologies that Europe excelled in, and why was Europe in the lead in these technologies? |
Water Wheel By 1086 England had 5,600 water mills Improved by dams and ponds Cranks and toothed gears made possible change direction power at a distance rotary and reciprocal motion Applications: grinding grain, hammering metal, rolling and drawing sheet metal and wire, mashing hops for beer, pulping rags for paper, fulling (pounding) cloth transformed the woolen industry Eyeglasses Added 20 years to the working life of skilled craftsmen: Scribes and readers, instrument and toolmakers, cose weavers, metal workers By the 15th century Italy was making thousands spectacles Eyeglasses encouraged invention of fine instruments: gauges, micrometers, fine wheel cutters, precision tools Knowledge of lenses produced other inventions: telescope, microscope Europe had monopoly on corrective lenses for 300-400 years Mechanical Clock Icon of complicated machinery Huge demand to minimize it and make it more accurate Before its invention: sundials and water clocks were used; both unrealiable Reliable time was important Church seven daily prayer offices Organize time in cities time to wake, sleep, go to work, go home, put out fires, curfews Invented in Italy and/or England 13th century European monopoly on clocks for 300 years No one else could make them to European standards Early clocks inaccurate Relentless pressure to improve technique and design Clockmakers lead the way in accuracy and precision miniaturization, correcting errors, searching for new and better Undermined Church authority equal hours for day and night a new concept resisted by the church for a century Every town wanted one; public clocks installed in towers (example: Campanile) Conquerors seized as spoils of war Symbol of secular authority Allowed individual autonomy Work now measured by time increased productivity Printing Was actually invented in China Invented in China in 9th century Chinese language not well suited for movable type not widely used Chinese discouraged dissent and new ideas Europe already interested in written word government paperwork written in common language: not Latin Scribes could not keep up with demand Gutenberg Bible printed in 1452 By 1501, millions of books published in Europe Moslems did not accept printing printed Koran unacceptable India also did not accept printing first printing press in 19th century Europe: Church tried to stop common language printing of Bible But political authority too fragmented to stop it Gunpowder Also invented in China, but the Europeans worked on it and improved it Invented by Chinese in 11th century Used as incendiary in fireworks, war tubed flame lances, bombards, arrow launchers, fire thunder Chinese fought nomads Not siege warfare Europeans improved gunpowder Europeans focused on range and weight of projectiles: siege warfare With improved metal casting, made world’s best cannon Thus military supremacy
Why did Europe get ahead? ----Europe was a fragmented society held together by having common ancestries and common religion and christianity,... there was a decent, they wanted more autonomy, did not want the authority of a church or empire from keeping them from moving in new directions. Nobody could afford the luxury of being conservative. They had to adopt the change. |
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According to David Landes, what happened to science in Islamic nations? Explain. |
Islam from 750 to 1100 A.D. far surpasses Europe in science and technology, and also astronomy and mathematics. (They invented algebra). Islam was Europe’s teacher. Then Islamic science was denounced as heresy by religious zealots. Islam does not separate religious from secular as does Christianity. So...new ideas dried up under theological pressure. |
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From the video, how did Galileo get into trouble with the Catholic Church? Explain. |
Because he had the ideas and inventions that the church did not agree with. (?) |
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What is David Landes’ argument for how Europe got ahead of China? Explain. |
Europe had much less interference. Innovation, emulation challenged forces of conservatism. Sense of progress replaced reverence for authority. Freedom in all domains.
Judeo-Christian Beliefs respect for manual labor subordination of nature to man sense of linear time (not cyclical): progress Market, free enterprise innovation worked and paid rulers limited in ability to prevent innovation |
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Why does capitalism require large impersonal societies to work? Can it work in tribal societies? Explain. |
-Capitalism requires large impersonal societies to work because they seek to maximize ownership of material goods. The seek the profit from the distribution of good.
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What is Wallerstein’s “Core” and “Periphery”? Explain. |
--Wallerstein’s “Core” refers to N.W. Europe. *Productivity required free/skilled labor Serfdom at an end Nobility lost power to those who produces *Cheap goods meant expanded markets Grains from Eastern Europe Gold, sugar, lumber, cotton from Latin America |
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Is it morally acceptable if the wealth of Europe was derived from the labor and raw materials of Africa, Asia, and Latin America? Defend your argument using moral theories and principles. |
No, this isn’t morally acceptable because Europe isn’t the one doing all this work to earn their wealth. They are just benefitting off of other countries’ hard work and labor. This goes with the theory of Contractarianism because as a society and also as a country, these other countries would agree that they should be getting the wealth from their hard work and labor. Europe shouldn’t be able to take that away from them. |
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How does Capital wealth differ from Mercantile or Tributary wealth?” Explain. |
Capital Wealth: *Profits invested in technology to improve means of production. -Larger surplus, larger profits -Means of production owned by capitalist -Labor sold to capitalist in exchange for wages
Mercantile Wealth: *Trade of surplus production to make a profit -Markets created by web of trade -Means of production stays same
Tributary Wealth: *Surplus production taken by elite as wealth |
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Define and compare Dependency theory with Modernization theory. |
Modernization Theory: * via the capital city |
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From the video, what happened at the Triangle Shirt Waist Factory? Was this morally acceptable? Defend your argument using moral theories and principles. |
Many people came to America to live the “American Dream” and to have a better life here. The triangle shirtwaist factory was a sweatshop in Manhattan that employed about 500 workers, some as young as 13 yrs old. Most of them worked 14 hour shifts, 6 days a week, and earned 6-7 dollars a week. The work area was very foul and smelled. There was no ventilation in there. In 1909 the workers made a massive strike against their work about having safer working conditions and better pay. The company then refused to sign the agreement. -----In 1911, one day that they were working, about 15 minutes before they were done, someone from the 8th floor shouted “fire!”. The fire spread quickly. Within seconds, the flames engulfed the floor. Workers scrambled to the exit doors and found out they were locked (They would lock the doors to keep the workers in and the unions out). Less than 20 of the workers were able to escape down the fire escape stairs before it collapsed, killing 7 girls. Others jammed into elevators, but then they stopped working. One person tried to fight back the flames with a hose, but the hose had no pressure. The firefighter ladders were four stories too short to get to the people. And their hoses could not reach the flames that high. The fire killed 146 girls. 64 of them jumped to their death. ----This all resulted in many new laws that would help with the safety of workers and many people. What had happened was NOT morally acceptable. They were basically treated as slaves there and were being trapped in this building with low sanitation and no safety. This goes against the “rights” theory because everyone should have a right to safety and no harm done to them. Also they should have a right to leave the building if needed (example: fire). |
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From the article on industrialization in China, summarize the issues faced by the developing and developed world concerning CO2 emissions. What do you think needs to happen, and why? |
“even if the established industrial powers turned off every power plant and car right now, unless there are changes in policy in poorer countries the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could still reach 450 parts per million — a level deemed unacceptably dangerous by many scientists — by 2070. (If no one does anything, that threshold is reached in 2040.)”---from article |
