Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues |
Histology |
|
|
Scientists skilled in the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues |
Histologists |
|
|
What are the types of human tissues? |
Muscle, connective, nervous and epithelial |
|
|
A tool used to cut extremely thin slices of material known as sections |
Microtome |
|
|
Why is it important to cut thin tissue samples with a microtome? |
To allow for passage of light in a microscope |
|
|
The process of selectively imaging cellular morphology in a tissue section by exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues |
Immunehistochemistry |
|
|
What are the three steps in order to prepare a tissue sample for viewing under the microscope? |
1. Fixation/embedding 2. Sectioning 3. Staining |
|
|
A sheet of cells that covers or lines a body surface or cavity |
Epithelial tissue |
|
|
Epithelial cells form sheets that can serve as: |
Linings |
|
|
A specialized connection between 2 adjacent cell membranes so that there is no space between them |
Tight junctions |
|
|
Small stud- or rivet- like structures that bind two cell membranes together |
Hemidesmosomes |
|
|
A structure by which two adjacent cells are attached by membrane protein plaques linked to cell filaments |
Desmosomes |
|
|
The cell membrane toward the lumen separated from the basolateral membrane by a zonula occludens |
Apical |
|
|
The fraction of cell membrane between two adjacent cells and underlying basement membranes |
Basolateral |
|
|
Thin, fibrous, extracellular matrix of tissue that separates the epithelium from the underlying connective tissue |
Basement membrane |
|
|
Microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area and minimize volume for absorption, secretion, and cellular adhesion |
Microvilli |
|
|
Slender protuberance that project from cells to increase motility of the cell, move away debris or act in a sensory manner |
Cilia |
|
|
Differences in shape and/or structure of cells in order to establish specific regions within the cells that can carry out different functions |
Polarity |
|
|
Regrowth and replacement |
Regeneration |
|
|
A single layer of cells found in locations where a thin tissue layer is desired for the functions of absorption, secretion and filtration |
Simple |
|
|
Two or more layers of cells stacked on top of one another to provide protection in areas of high friction |
Stratified |
|
|
A single layer of columnar epithelial cells that appears as two or more layers of cells due to the positioning of nuclei at varying heights creating the appearance of strata |
Pseudostratified |
|
|
Flat and scale-like |
Squamous |
|
|
Height is approximately equal to width; box-like |
Cuboidal |
|
|
Tall and rectangular-shaped |
Columnar |
|
|
The specialized lining found in lymphatic and blood vessels. |
Endothelium |
|
|
Secrete mucous that helps to trap particulate matter, thereby avoiding invasion or irritation |
Goblet cells |
|
|
A simple columnar epithelium that forms absorptive cells of the digestive tract has which characteristic? |
Dents microvilli |
|
|
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, ciliated variety,.... |
Lines most of the respiratory tract |
|
|
Enriched with tough, fibrous keratin protein that provides integrity to the cells |
Keratinized |
|
|
A special type of stratified epithelium in which the cells within the layers alter their overall shape in response to stretch
|
Transitional epithelium
|
|
|
An inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue?
|
Simple Columnar |
|
|
Product that is released from a cell and is an aqueous or lipid-based substance.
|
Secretion |
|
|
Collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried toward distant target organs.
|
Endocrine |
|
|
Glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct.
|
Exocrine |
|
|
A tube-like connection to the surface of the skin or organ
|
Duct |
|
|
Chemical messengers that are released by exocytosis into local capillaries.
|
Hormones |
|
|
Found in mammary glands |
Compound Alveolar |
|
|
Mucous glands found in the mouth |
Compound Tubular |
|
|
Unbranched, found in the intestine |
Simple Tubular |
|
|
Sebaceous Gland |
Simple Alveolar |
|
|
Salivary Glands |
Compound Tubuloalveolar |
|
|
The unicellular glands that directly and specifically secrete mucus are also called?
|
Goblet Cells |
|
|
Mucous, sweat and salivary glands are all glands that secrete their product to the surface of the skin. How would you classify this type of gland?
|
Exocrine |
|
|
Wax is secreted in the ear to reduce water and friction of sound waves. This is done by fat producing cells that break open along the base of the gland. This is an example of what type of exocrine gland?
|
Holocrine |
|
|
Secrete their product directly through the plasma membrane by exocytosis into a duct without damage to the membrane or loss of cytoplasm.
EX: Salivary Glands |
Merocrine glands
|
|
|
Collect their secreted product at the apex of the cell and discharge it by pinching off the apex (apical) portion of the cell.
|
Apocrine glands
|
|
|
Results after the secreted product concentrates within the cell and the cell fully ruptures in order to eject its product into the duct.
|
Holocrine glands |
|
|
Provide a structural support network for the different tissue layers within a given organ.
|
Connective Tissue |
|
|
What are the four major classes of connective tissue? |
1. Bone 2. Cartilage 3. Blood 4. Connective Tissue Proper |
|
|
A flexible gel or fluid-like matrix; the space filling material between the cells of connective tissue that has the fibers embedded within it.
|
Ground Substance |
|
|
What is ground substance made up of? |
1. Interstitial fluid 2. Cell Adhesion Proteins 3. Proteoglycans |
|
|
Tissue Fluid around cells |
Interstitial Fluid |
|
|
Proteins that are components of cell contacts
|
Cell Adhesion Proteins |
|
|
Glycosylated proteins that are found in the extracellular matrix and assemble into large complexes that bind and trap water thereby creating a cushioning effect.
|
Proteoglycans
|
|
|
A result of mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene that encodes for the fibrillin protein. |
Marfan Syndrome |
|
|
Caused by a mutation in the gene for type I procollagen leading to bones that fracture easily, low muscle mass, and joint and ligament laxity (looseness).
|
Osteogenesis imperfecta
|
|
|
Selectively capable of digesting unwanted/foreign particles.
|
Phagocytic |
|
|
In connective tissue proper |
Fibroblast/cyte
|
|
|
In cartilage |
Chondroblast/cyte
|
|
|
In bone |
Osteoblast/cyte
|
|
|
What fibers are found in the matrix of connective tissue? |
Collagen, Elastin and Reticulin |
|
|
The most abundant fiber type found in connective tissue.
|
Collagen |
|
|
-A long, branched fiber that can stretch and recoil.
-A critical component in connective |
Elastin |
|
|
-Found in reticular fibers, which are short, thin, collagenous fibers.
-Assemble into a mesh-like network that imparts a greater degree of movement |
Reticulin |
|
|
Intervertebral discs are made up of fibrocartilage, which exhibits a large amount of tensile strength, enabling it to absorb shock in the spine. It is likely that this connective tissue type is enriched with which fiber?
|
Collagen Fibers |
|
|
What is the fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength?
|
Collagen |
|
|
What are the two main classes of connective tissue proper? |
Loose and Dense connective Tissue |
|
|
The most widely distributed connective tissue type and is composed of different types of cells within a loosely organized assembly of collagen and elastin fibers.
|
Areolar Tissue |
|
|
Spindle-shaped cell responsible for secretion of collagen fibers and ground substance.
|
Fibroblasts |
|
|
Negatively charged, large unbranched polysaccharides that attract water and are found within the extracellular matrix.
|
Glycosaminoglycans
|
|
|
Tissue swelling.
|
Edema |
|
|
-Its role is structural support
-Serves to insulate and protect organs |
Adipose Tissue |
|
|
Fat cell or lipocyte, which is found within connective tissue and is a storage site for triglycerides.
|
Adipocyte |
|
|
Made up of specialized fibroblasts called reticular cells, which secrete reticular fibers, a unique type of collagen (type III collagen)
|
Reticular connective tissue
|
|
|
A highly ordered assembly of tightly packed collagen fibers.
|
Dense regular connective tissue
|
|
|
Muscle to bone |
Tendon |
|
|
Bone to Bone |
Ligament |
|
|
Fibers do not arrange in an ordered pattern. The fibers run in many directions and can therefore absorb the stress of pulling forces from many directions.
|
Dense irregular connective tissue
|
|
|
A type of dense connective tissue containing an enrichment of elastic fibers in addition to the typically found collagen, cells and matrix.
|
Elastic connective tissue
|
|
|
What type of connective tissue is found within large arteries?
|
Elastic |
|
|
What are cells that produce new cartilage matrix called?
|
Chondroblasts |
|
|
What are cells that produce new cartilage matrix called?
|
Chondrocytes |
|
|
The most common and widespread type of cartilage in the human body.
|
Hyaline Cartilage |
|
|
Composed of a resilient matrix, which contains elastin fibers in addition to collagen and ground substance.
|
Elastic Cartilage |
|
|
-The most inflexible of the cartilage tissues
- The most inflexible of the cartilage tissues |
Fibrocartilage |
|
|
Why do tendons take so long to heal?
|
Because it is avascular |
|
|
Name the three types of cartilage |
1. Fibrocartilage 2. Hyaline 3. Elastic |
|
|
Erythrocytes
|
Red Blood Cells |
|
|
Leukocytes
|
White Blood Cells |
|
|
Fragments of larger cells whose role is primary in the blood clotting process.
|
Platelets |
|
|
Early bone-secreting cells that mature into osteocytes. |
Osteoblasts |
|
|
Concentric circles
|
Osteons |
|
|
A series of microscopic tubes in the outermost region of bone, called cortical bone, that allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through them
|
Central (Haversian) Canals |
|
|
In which tissues is the mineralized matrix called hydroxyapatite found?
|
Bone |
|
|
What is not a connective Tissue? |
Muscle |
|
|
Assemblies of contractile proteins known as actin and myosin.
|
Myofilaments |
|
|
Conscious control; skeletal
|
Voluntary |
|
|
Non-conscious control; cardiac and smooth.
|
Involuntary |
|
|
Fused muscle cells.
|
Myotubes |
|
|
Basic unit of striated muscle tissue composed of a repeating unit between two Z lines and enriched in the contractile proteins, myosin and actin.
|
Sarcomeres |
|
|
Stripes |
Striations |
|
|
Specialized gap junctions connecting heart muscle cells to enable cardiac muscle tissue to function as a syncytium.
|
Intercalated Discs |
|
|
Specialized nervous tissue cells embedded within cardiac muscle whose activity dictates heart rate
|
Pacemaker cells |
|
|
How is muscle different than connective tissue?
|
It generates mechanical force |
|
|
The role is to generate, conduct and transmit signals to and from the brain while the glial cells nourish and support the neurons |
Neurons |
|
|
Process of renewal, restoration, and growth.
|
Regeneration |
|
|
Complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, which is protective and involves immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.
|
Inflammation |
|
|
Formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ/tissue during the repair process.
|
Fibrosis |
|
|
Fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue after injury.
|
Scar |
|
|
A series of biochemical events that propagate a reaction by the body to infection.
|
Inflammatory Response |
|
|
New connective tissue and microscopic blood vessels that form on the surface of a wound during the healing process.
|
Granulation Tissue |
|
|
Formation of new blood vessels.
|
Revascularization
|
|
|
An inactive substance that is converted into an enzyme when activated by another enzyme.
|
Zymogen |
|
|
Stimulated by external signaling events beginning with activation of the death receptor
|
Extrinsic pathway
|
|
|
Stimulated internally and causes cytochrome c to be released from the mitochondrial membrane.
|
Intrinsic pathway
|
|
|
Means to “self-eat” and is a mechanism by which cells can handle stressors that may otherwise induce apoptosis.
|
Autophagy
|
|
|
What are the two tasks stem cells must carry out? |
1. Divide to create daughter cells and maintain a constant number of stem cells (self-renewal) 2. Have daughter cells divide and differentiate into their final form, with the desired properties |
|
|
Uneven; one daughter cell remaining as a stem cell and one daughter cell committed to the path of differentiation. |
Asymmetric cell division |
|
|
Even; mitosis leads to two identical daughter cells. |
Symmetrical cell Division |
|
|
Is autophagy always preferred over apoptosis?
|
No, while autophagy can protect healthy cells from death, it can also promote disease.
|
|
|
The cell for the production of bone is called the:
|
Osteoblast |
